August/September 1979 RAIN Page 11 South America. Morrison's study is as absorbing as his quest that led to I GOOD THINGS ~ understanding. - TB TABLE •. Average Annual On-sitc, Collection, and Treatment Costs pcr Household (1978 $) Mean Costsl On~ite Collection Treatment Household Costs Costs Costs LOW COST Pour flush toilet 18.7 18.7 Pit privy 28.5 28.5 Communal toilet 34.0 34.0 Vacuum truck cartage 37.5 16.8 14.0 6.6 Low cost septic tanks 51.6 51.6 Composting toyets 55.0 47.0 8.0 Bucket cartage 64.9 32.9 26.0 6.0 MEDIUM COST Sewered aquaprivyl 159.2 89.8 39.2 30.2 Aquaprivy 168.0 168.0 Japanese vacuum truck 187.7 128.0 34.0 26.0 HIGH COST Septic tanks 369.2 332.3 25.6 11.3 Sewerage 400.3 201.6 82.8 115.9 ITo account for large differences in the number of users, per capita costs were used and scaled up by the cross-country average for six persons per household. ~~ .. f.. i:l: " o V" Drag. .~ ~ e o It ~ ru~ 119 ~..III'I'." t.,lurt·" Ol' t>Ul!\l Itt q\1 ,,~ UJMUIIl! "iOV'" I!~..,"H"'S! 0'0 SEWAGE ~ ~ Alternative Systems, twice yearly, free from: Office of Public Affairs State Water Resources Control Board P.O. Box 100 Sacramento, CA 95801 News of California state projects and publications, federal activities, alternative systems conferences and puhlications. May develop into a good networking publication for "official" developments in sewage alternatives. - TB Appropriate Sallitatioll Alternatives: Summary Report, P.U. Report No. RES 20, Feb. 1979, John Kalbermatter, from: The World Bank 1818 H St. N.W. Washington, DC 20433 I've only seen this summary report and the IDRC Low Cost Technology Options bihliography reviewed in the June HAlN but from the looks of them, this study is the best thing that's happened yet in low-cost sanitation. The summary surveys about a dozen experienced options ranging from Improved Ventilation Privies to pour-flush toilets to vacuum cartage to small diameter sewer systems, compares their full economic costs, including house plumbing and water supply, examines what health hazards can and can't be lessened with different uptions, and develops strategies shuwing wh ich ones can later be easily and cheaply upgraded to other more convenient and sanitary options by individuals. They make a clear distinction between economic costs- the appropriate full real costs to society, and financial costs (where manipulation of interest rates, externalized costs, tax breaks, etc., change who pays)- whieh are social policies and therefore subject to change. A must for anyone dealing with alternative sewage. - TB Pathways to the Gods, Tony Morrison, 1978, $12.95 from: Harper & Row 10 E. 53rd St. New York, NY 10022 The gigantic figures and lines crisscrossing the deserts of South America have been a disturbing puzzle ever since their discovery. Of huge size, often visible only from the air, and leading nowhere, they havc been attributed to everything from neolithic solar observatories to landing fields for extra-terrestrial vis· itors. They seem, at last, to have found a commonsense explanation in the spiriwal practices common throughout Wild thistles growing In nearby hltlS, It lelt 10 soak fa, a fe.... days. can De transformed InlO coarse handmade paper The Miracle of Flight, Stephen Dalton, 1977, $14.95 from: McGraw-Hili Book Co. 1221 Avenue of the Americas New York, NY 10036 How do flies land on ceilings? 1I0w do bumblebees fly , and why do butterflies leave invisible smoke rings behind them in the air? How do frisbees and flying saucers levitate? This book doesn't answer the last question, but through beautiful photography, diagrams and text explains many of the mysteries of insect and bird flight, and the evolution of people-flight. Anyone who has ever sat and watched a hawk soar or a hummingbird do its amazing aerial gymnastics will appreciate and mjoy. - TB Making Artists' Tools, Vance Studley, 1979,144 pp., hardback $15.95 from: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. 450 W. Hrd St. New York, NY 10001 Solutions to problems are all too often limited by the tools we have on hand. The ability to make our own tools allows us to step beyond that limitation and offers a greater range of expression. Instructions for creating brushes, quills, calligraphy pens, printmaking implements and paper arc described and illustrated. Rainbow crayons are formed from n:cyc\ed crayon bits. A bamboo paint brush is made by burying the end of a bamboo section in the ground. After several months the biodegrading action of the soil forms the strands from the bamboo fibril. 1\ large portion of the book is devoted to the multiple uses of bamboo as artistic instrumcnts. Making Artists' Tools is effective at jarring your imagination and your mind to the wide range of techniques available with homemade tools - PC
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