June 1975 scale, to fit drawings, charts and photos which are the wron-g size to your layout. You can find a new proportional size for the drawing/chart/photo and find the percentage of enlargement or reduction. The proportional size is needed b_y the person doing the layout. The percentage is needed by the camera operator. Some specific examples (work them out on your own scale). REDUCTION: You are working with a column width of 2-1/4,' on 1OO% boards. You have a chart which measures 5" deep x 3" wide, and you want it to fit into one column. You wanr to know how deep the chart will be when it is reduced to 2-7/4" wide. I . Find 3" on the inner circle (size of original). 2. Find 2-114" on the outer circle (reproduction size). 3 . Line up the 3 " and the 2-7 /4" . 4. Keeping the 3" and 2-l/4" lined up, find the 5" (the depth of the original chart) on the inner wheel (size of original). See what lines up with the 5" on the outer circle (size of reproduction). This is 3-314". The size of reproduction, the size the chart will appear in print, is 3-3/4" deep x2-l/4" wide. 5. Keeping everlthing lined up the same way, look at rhe percentage the wheel shows. In this instance it is 7 S%. ENLARGEMENT: You are working with a column width of 2-714" on 7Oo%boards. You have a drawing which measures 2" deep x l-l/4" wide. you want to enlarge the drawing to the full column width. 1. Find 7-7/4" on the inner circle (size of original). 2. Find 2-l/4" on rhe ourer circle (size of reproduction). 3. Line up the 1-1l4" with the 2-114". 4. Keeping the l-114" lined up with the 2-l/4", find the 2" (depth of original) on the inner circle (size of original). See what it is lined up with on rh€ ourer circle (size of reproduction). It is 3-518". The size of reproduction, the size the drawing will appear in print, is 3-518" deep x 2-114" wide. 5. Look at the percentage on the scale; in this instance itls l8O%. I find it handy when figuring reductions and enlargements to make a sort of chart: Example: Page 23 SCISSORS a good sharp pair (worth paying extra for). g4 to $lO. RULER. I prefer an 18" clear plastic ruler, 2" wide, with a red grid pattern of one-eighth inch squares printed on it. It measures from 1 to 18 inches along the sides. In the middle, ir measures from O to 9 inches, starting from the center and going out. This is useful for centering heads in columns. The grid p"tt".. h.lp. ro ger rhe copy straight and is especially helpful when you are worklng with_ out a light table. $2. PROPORTION SCALE-used to figure our rhe correcr sizes and percentages on any graphic, photo or copy which is the wrong siie. (See Proportion Scale) g3. DICTIONARY for proofreading and hyphenation. CUTTING TOOLS. Single-edged razor blades or an X_acto knife (No. 11 blades work well). Headlines There are three basic ways of making headlines, by hand, with transfer letters, and photographicaliy. In my opinion, headlines done by hand look sloppy unless calligraphed by someone who is good at it. Transfer letrers are bought by the sheet (approximately $3). They are transferred by placing the sheet of letters over a piece of paper and rubbing the lettirs with a pen. It's somewhat hard to ger rhem straight until you have had some practice, and they tend ro chip and peel. They do have the advantage of coming in numerous styles and sizes. Photographic heads are the best, but also require rhe greatest investment. A Stripprinter costs about $200 used. It is a box, about 18" x 12", into which you inserr a 36mm film negative with the alphabet in a specific style and size on it (96 per film strip). There is a roll of photographic paper in the box. By lining up the letters and pushing a switch which flashes a light, you make a positive print of the letters on the paper. The paper has to be removed from the box and photographically developed. A Stripprinter has to be used in a dark room. Furthermore, it takes care to space the letters properly, as you don't see what you've set until it's develoPed. Supplies CORRECTION FLIIID-used to whiteout mistakes and clean up copy. Best brands are Liquid Paper and Daisy. S1 ro $1.25. TAPE. Magic or mending tape can be used ro put over copy without danger of reflection when photographed. White Scotch tape is also useful for covering mistakes or cleaning up borders. $.g5 ADHESIVES-something to stick the copy onro rhe layout boards. Art Waxt my first choice. This is a special kind of sticky wax which is melted and put on rhe back of the copy. The wax dries but remains sticky indefinitely, so the copy can be repositioned after it is pasted down. There are a number of ways to use wax. 1. The cheapesr. Get an old electric frying pan and a 3/4,, stiff bristled brush. Melt arr wax in the frying pan and brush it on the back of the copy. It is sometimes hard to keep the temperature correct, so the wax is melted, but not roo hot. If it gets too hot, it will soak through the paper. 2. For about $30 you can ger a small hand waxer (ElectroStik). Though it comes with its own wax, Art Wax is infinitely better and can be used in the hand waxer. This is probably the most efficient means of waxing for a production the size of R,4IN. It keeps rhe wax melted at the correct temperature and applies it evenly on the copy. 3. For about $2OO you can buy a motorized waxer with a feeding mechanism. This is nice if you are working with a great deal of copy in long pieces. This machine isn't necessary for RAIN. You know the size of the original, and you know the column width, so what you need ro find out is the depth and percent. . - Write the percentage on the original in non-reproducing blue, or write it on a separate piece of paper and tape it on the back. Also write which page rhe original goes on. Basic Equipment A LARGE, FLAT, CLEAN PLACE TO WORK, WITH GOOD LIGHT. For years I did paste-up on my kitchen table. Now I prefer to use a light table (table with a frosted glass top, lit from below). Printing It has a good section on studios and tables (pp. 33-37). The cost can range from nothing (using what is at hand) to hun_ dreds of dollars. It should be possible ro ser up a small studio with a light table for about $150. TYPEWRITER-or some appararus to ser copy. The copy for RAIN is set on an IBM composer. The composer is a fancy model of the IBM Selectric typewriter, with the added advantage of having proportional spacing and a variety of type sizes. The composer can ser type in different sizes and faces. lt costs about $4,OOO and is nice to have access to, but is hardly worth investing in for a monthly publication the size of R,41N. There are two types of electric typewriters which I recommend for setting offset copy, rhe IBM Selectric and a proportional spacing typewrirer such as rhe IBM Executive oi Olivetti. Both have advanrages and disadvantages (see printing lt, pp. 4l-44 for more information). Copy should be set on an electrii typewrit., with a carbon ribbon (cloth ribbons are incapable of giving clean, clear reproduction). 4 g596 typewriter cosrs about $350. ihe carbon ribbons cost about $1.5O each and cannot be reused. continued next page
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