Friedberg_Nila-2021

М . Б У Л Г А К О В « С О Б А Ч Ь Е С Е Р Д Ц Е » . О Т Р Ы В О К 9 3 4 9 However, in certain contexts (medicine, drawing, etc.), when a body part is not being described but merely declared to exist, есть is used: (5) Я нарисовала инопланетянина. У него есть нос и рот, но нет ушей. I drew an extraterrestrial. He has a nose and mouth, but no ears. In sentences stating that one has an illness or medical condition, zero- copula is required: (6) У него грипп. He has the flu. У нее анемия. She has anemia. У них депрессия. They are depressed. However, if two clauses describe a contrast between the presence and absence of an illness, the clause stating the presence can optionally employ есть : (7) Мы думали, что витамины помогут, но анализы показали, что у него до сих пор (есть) анемия. We thought that vitamins would help, but tests show he still has anemia. As mentioned above (1), in statements about ownership and possession, есть is commonly used if the noun indicating the owned item is not modified, that is, if one is declaring its existence rather than describing it. Zero-copula is commonly used if the noun indicating the owned item appears with a modifier: (8) У профессора есть дача. The professor has a dacha. (9) У профессора The professor has an огромная дача. enormous dacha. However, variations are possible here as well. The optional insertion of eсть would be acceptable in (9) if the focus were a contrast between possession and lack of possession (Apresian 2017): (10) У нас нет ничего, а у профессора (есть) огромная дача. (contrast) We have nothing, but the professor has an enormous dacha.