Community Resilience to Climate Change: Theory, Research and Practice

3 of “resilience thinking” seek to go deeper than the obvious status quo-based concerns, and account for nuanced political or socio- economic facets of resilience, there is arguably much room for improvement. More details and opportunity for discussion on this point will be provided in section V. Why Does it Matter? Many of us have heard climate change horror stories; apocalyptic accounts of how bad things could get if we allow the earth to warm beyond a critical tipping point. This is indeed a frightening prospect for the future, but the reality is that millions of people, at home and abroad, are already feeling the devastating effects of these changes. The impacts of climate change are not evenly distributed, but have been and will be felt most intensely by those in less wealthy, less developed regions of the world [11]. Notably, these locations contribute relatively little to the problem, but suffer for our behavior in the “developed” world. Here in the United States, socially and economically marginal communities often bear the brunt of climate change extremes, from heatwaves and flooding [19,20] to drought and air pollution [21,22]. As planners, scholars, and human beings, it is within your purview to consider these realities and pursue action. Your community may not yet have experienced a Hurricane Katrina, a Paris heatwave, a Somali drought, or Kiribati coastal flooding; you yourself may not have faced starvation, conflict, loss of home and family as a result of such occurrences, but a future without action is bleak for us all. It is important to address climate risks and opportunities for resilience now, not only for those already severely impacted, but for yourself and future generations. Literature Cited 1. Speth, J.G. (2005). The single greatest threat: The United States and global climate disruption. Harvard International Review, 27(2), 18-22. 2. Hulme, P. E. (2005). 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Frumkin, H., Hess, J., Luber, G., Malilay, J., & McGeehin, M. (2008). Climate change: The public health response. American Journal of Public Health, 98(3), 435–445. 13. Oliver-Smith, A. (2016). The concepts of adaptation, vulnerability, and resilience in the anthropology of climate change: Considering the case of displacement and migration. In S.A. Crate and M. Nuttall (Eds.), Anthropology and Climate Change (pp. 116-138). New York, NY: Routledge. 14. NASA. (2019). Overview: Weather, global warming and climate change. Global Climate Change: Resources. Retrieved from https:/climate.nasa.gov/ resources/global-warming-vs-climate-change/ 15. GlobalChange.gov. Understand climate change. Retrieved from https: /www.globalchange.gov/climate-change 16. NASA. (2019). The effects of climate change. Global Climate Change: Facts. Retrieved from https:/climate.nasa.gov/effects/ 17. Quinlan, A. E., Berbés-Blázquez, M., Haider, L. J., & Peterson, G. D. (2016). Measuring and assessing resilience: Broadening understanding through multiple disciplinary perspectives. Journal of Applied Ecology, 53(3), 677–687. 18. Fainstein, S. (2015). Resilience and justice: Debates and developments. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 39(1), 157–167. 19. Voelkel, J., Hellman, D., Sakuma, R., & Shandas, V. (2018). Assessing vulnerability to urban heat: A study of disproportionate heat exposure and access to refuge by socio-demographic status in Portland, Oregon. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(4), 640. 20. Cutter, S. L., Emrich, C. T., Mitchell, J. T., Boruff, B. J., Gall, M., Schmidtlein, M. C., … Melton, G. (2006). The long road home: Race, class, and recovery from Hurricane Katrina. Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, 48(2), 8–20. 21. Rodriguez, L., Horowitz, M., Espinoza, D., Aguilera, A., de la Torre, A., & Kaiser, L. L. (2015). The impact of the California drought on food security among rural families of Mexican origin. Journal of Applied Research on Children, 6(2). 22. Liu, J. C., Wilson, A., Mickley, L. J., Ebisu, K., Sulprizio, M. P., Wang, Y., … Bell, M. L. (2017). Who among the elderly is most vulnerable to exposure to and health risks of fine particulate matter from wildfire smoke? American Journal of Epidemiology, 186(6), 730–735.