Community Resilience to Climate Change: Theory, Research and Practice

153 3.3. Exposure and Access to Refuge The network distance analysis of public refuge access shows that 3.4–32.7% of the city’s population can access a refuge on foot, depending upon walking speed (Table 3, Figure 2). These cooling centers are most numerous in North and Northeast Portland, while the farthest eastern and western regions of the city offer fewer options for public refuge. Figure 1. Comparison of the original raster format of the distribution of ambient urban heat (left) and the transformed block group-based urban heat dataset (right). Table 2. Results of Student’s t-tests: Statistical significances. Tests which have a p-value greater than 0.05 are considered to have failed to reject H0.