Community Resilience to Climate Change: Theory, Research and Practice

108 Figure 1. MONARES—research process. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS The exponential growth of literature concerning urban resilience contains a multitude of approaches, indicators and methods stressing the resistance of an urban system. The development of the method of this paper was guided by the questions: resilience for whom, for what and where [35]. A reflexive approach of input and feedback loops was developed in order to adapt and validate international indicators. A main challenge was to adapt the indicators to the specific context of German communities in the face of climate change. 2.1. Literature Review: “Resilience Indicators” The selected frameworks (see Figure 1 Phase 1) were identified through an extensive literature review using the key search terms “resilience”, “urban resilience”, “climate resilience”, “adaptive capacity + urban/city”, “resistibility + urban” and “learning capacity + urban/ city” (in German and English). Based on these frameworks and their operationalisation of resilience, an extensive list of indicators was deduced. These indicators were matched with the MONARES framework, developed in steps 1–3, which consists of dimensions and action fields (see Table 1).