S P E C I A L I S S U E THE CLARI 0 N DEFENDER THE NORTHWEST OLDEST NEGRO PUBLICATION TAKES GREAT PRIDE IN PRESENTING FOR OUR READERS THREE GREAT STORIES FROM THE CURRANT ISSUE ISSUE OF EBONY MAGAZINE . WE GIVES THANKS TO EBONY'S PUBLISHER, JOHN H. JOHNSON FOR HIS PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THE MAGAZINE STATEMENT. Vol. 6 No.206 Cir. ll ,500- Business Office 2742 N. Williams Ave. Portland, Oregon 284-1289 10~ August 10, 1967 How The 'White Problem' Spawned 'BLACK POWER' Controversial movement started in the South from friction between black and white civil righters BY ALVIN F. POUSSAINT, M.D. Formerly Southern Field Di· re<.:tor of the Medical Committee for Human Rights in Jackson, ?\tis~\, the author is an assistant professor of psychiatry at Tufts University Medic:al College in Boston, Mass. The seholarly paper on which this artic:le is based was prescJtted in May before the annual meeting of the Amcric:an Psychiatric Assn. in Detroit. WE TAkE TliE doubT OUT of buyiNG AdiAMONd Diamonds of b-rilliance and clarity ... setti,ngs of outstanding craftsmanship and design and our reputation for quality and value make our collection something to see. People who want to be sure of their diamond purchase put their confidence in us. Open Every Night 'til g. DIVIDED PAYMENTS (Sat. 'til 5:30) Never any Interest or Carrying Charge Seattle, MA 2-SOll Lloyd Ce~Jter (West Mall) 284-2101 Salem, _364-2'.c~4 overcame, was rarely sun~t during the 1964 Mississippi IN THE summer of 1965 in Hattiesburg, !\1iss., long before the birth of the "black power" slogan, I asked Betty. a 17-year-old, Afro-American civil rights worker, what she thought of white volunteers working in the movement. She thoughtfully turned her head to one side then snapped: "I definitely don't think they should be in the black community. . . . :\1ost of them need to be wiped out but the few serious ones ought to be allowed to stay and work in the white community. Their problem is that they can work in the black community but caa't work in the white community. . .. If they think they can't work with the white folks, then they should go home and get themselves together -read a book or something." Betty had been involved in the Southern civil rights movement since age 14. She had suffered many beatings and jailings. Like many of the black youth in the South she had been "in it" from the beginning, fighting for "integration" and "freedom now." She was part of that courageous vanguard of Southern black youth whom we saw in newspaper pictures or on TV getting their heads bloodied and their souls violated by the swinging dubs of the white racists, I saw numerous ugly scars on the faces of these black youth-the price paid for trying to "integrate" a lunch counter or register a few Negroes to vote. Many exposed themCONTINUED PAGE 5 Early emblem of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, viewed three years ago by Stokely Carmichael ( r. ) and a friend, had a white hand clasping a black. But latent mcism in Southern-based civil righters made integration difficult. , K eep calm and cool this SUMMER, says the DEFENDER, E verybody coun~s, no MATTER the gender. E fforts to be neighorly. to one and. all, P lays the greatest role· whether large or small. A sincer~ smile, 'rather· than & frown, might make happiness ~11 around .•. c -arr:y a des·; re to please the other MAN, / 0 ther~ hav~ feel~n~s to make this a fine 0 .rpit .co111cern for race, ·creed or color, L ove us an one and another. L~S. S tay .kjnd, thqughfu1 and personable, too. U tmo-st manner-s and respe-ct to alJ is , due. M ee,t your neighbo-rs . and .:brothers more than. halt' the. twa~, M ake; your · eve)'Y .thoug~ .to-.see .another f)Pr'f. ~· "''~ . . • .• • • ,· J, • -- ~ '· ~I; • E yen .t5errfor ,iit)ze·Ji$! ,toddled ~_.aa~~_s-e~gtS. a11.d?~~:~/ R ~,er~npt. J~'.tne ~S:tr~ets,;f:u1t.:..)l.~~-JJtt~~~:,:.; (':" .
L~ n; Walters-----------------Publisher Jimmy "Bang-Bang" Walker----Editor Telephone--------2 8 4 - 1289 2742 N. -Williams Ave. Portland, Oregon News deadline: Tueday 12 No~n CIRCULATION Z by MAIL* NEWS BOYS * BUSINESS CLARJ.ON DEFENDER I I PUBLISHER'S STATEMENT THIS issu~. the third in our annual series of special issues. explore8 the challenging and bewilderingly con1plex world of the n1ore than eleYen million Negroes who are below the age of twenty-five. One out of every two Negro Americans lives in the tin1e perspective of thi!3 world which in1pinges on the lives of all Americans-young and old. black and white. Negro youth provided the original spark for the revolt of white college students ·who appropriated the tactics and the vocabulary of the leaders of the sit-in n1oven1ent. They also contributed the rhythm and the steps for the Boogaloo and the germinal impulses that led to the Beatles and the Supremes. Of even greater importance~ in the context of summer passions. is the fact that the restiveness on Negro college campuses in Negro conununities centers in the expanding horizons of Negro youth who form a disproportionately large percentage of the Negro population and a disproportionately large percentage of the unemployed. It has always been hard to be young and black in America. But'the dislocations of the American economy and the internal transforn1ations of Negro youth have compounded the traditional problems, creating a massive crisis of identitv and relation. . No American can be indifferent to the new faces and new moods of Negro youth who are ~n a critical stage in their transition from the old world to the new. As the articles in this issue indicate, Negro youths are groping for ne\\- forms of relatedness with themselves and with their elders. And the future of the American city. to a very great extent, depends on the responses older Americans-Negro and white-make to the emerging moods of this important group. The issues and personalities examined on the following pages bring into sharp focus ~wo different and yet complementary challenges. There is. first of all. the challenge to Negro youth who must prepare then1selves to asstune the responsibilities of adulthood. Whatever the difficulties. Negro youth owe it to themselves and to the future generation to prepare themselves now for the opportunities of ton1orrow. But to make that challenge meaningful in terms youth will respect. older Americans-Negro and white-must assutne the second challenge. the challenge of providing the educational and econon1ic tools that will enable Negro youth to deepen and extend the contributions thev have made to our life and culture. This issue is presented. therefore., as an invitation to understanding and compassion. If you read the following pages in the light of the don1inant challenges of the hour. I an1 sure you will agree with us that Negro youth are angry, anxious~ aware-and very important. Publisher • VOL XXII No. tO EBONY Editor and Publisher: John H. Johnson :!~i:r'~cft~~~tL~~~e:~:~~~~sJ~ Assistant Manarlnc Editor: Hans J . Mas.saquot Senior Staff Editors: Gerri Major. Alex Poinsett As5oclat.e Editon: Phyl Garland, Ponchitta Pierce AUGUST, 1967 1\'ew York Editor: Allan Mornsor. Wasbtnrton Editor: Simeon Booker West Coast Editor: Loute Robtnson Parts Editor: Charlts L. SR.ndeors Staff Photographers: Bill Gillobm, Moneta Sleet Jr., Maurice Sorrell, Isaac Sutton, G. Marshall Wilson Assistant EdUors: Bobbie E. Barbee, Charles E. Brown, George W. Goodman, E. Fannie. Granton. Ragnt Lantz, Davtd Llorens, Francis Ward Staft' Ar"sts: Cecil L. Ferguson, Norman L. Hunter. Herbert Temple Fa~hlon Director: Eunice W. Johnson Librarian: Lucille Phinnie Circulation Manager: Robert H. Fentress Arency Manarer: v.,r. Miles Burns Admin. Assts.: Beverly J. Adams, Marguerite Grant, Annabel S. Harrison, June Acac Rhinehart. Ariel P. Strong. VIrginia Tibbs Vi<'e-presidents: East. William P. Grayson Midwest, LeRoy \V. Jeffries Comptroller: Mtldred Clark Chlcaro Adv. Manarer: Lincoln T. Hudson Adv. Production Manager: Isaac N. p~yne Community Relations Directors: Darts Y. Nunnally, Pearl B. Washington International Editor: Era Bell Thomoson CONTENTS Publisher's Statement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • . • . • • • • . • • . . 21 ARMED FORCES VietNam ....•••.•..........•..............•••••••••.• 23 Et·ery yortth mu.<t face thefacl of in•·oft-emenl. GHEnO LIFE I'll Never Escape The GheHo by Stanley Sanders..........•.• 30 Rhodes scholar stal.-es his future on hi.• lwmelotcn n··alts LiHie Girl, Big Burden. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Elet·en-year-old i.< mol her to eight brolllt>rs tllltl .,islers The Gang Phenomenon: Big City Headache by Phyl Garland. . 96 Frustration of ghetto youths often explodes irr .-iolence A Proflle In Juvenile Decency ............................ 122 (;hello youth faces uphill battle to escopc ,,fum lrnp Unemployment Among Youth: The Explosive Statistic ...... 127 Joblessness among big city ghetto ~-oulh brf't>d riots Street Academies: A New Way To Reach The Dropout.•.••.. 158 Urban League Aids Harlem Youth RACE The Search For Identity by Kenneth B. Clarlc • • . • . • • . • • • • . • . . • 38 Quest of young 1\'egroes underlies thrust tou:arcl.•ocial cllange EDUCATION GheHo Schools: An Educational Wasteland by Ale:K Poinsett •. 52 l'rban classroom segregation ;, in ten.<e ontl l(ellitrl( u-or.•e Behind The Black College Student Revolt by Nathan Hare... . • 58 'Plantation regime' .<parks rebellion on 1\legro campuses An Answer To Youth's Challenge by Carl T. Rowan.. ·...... • 140 Coltunnisl urges adrantaged Negroes to help rreerly sltulenls SPORTS On Cue............................................... 63 /ou·a l'. coed becomes pool star 16 rnonths <~fler first l(nnte Negro Youth In Sports .................................. 130 Totlay's tan athletes gel more money, opportunities RURAL LIFE Lonely Youth In The Rural South by George W. Goodman .•.• 70 TePnagers feel cross pressurps of modern u:orld PERSONALinES Apostle Of Economics by David Llorens ...• , •••..•..•..•... 78 }"or•rrl( cleric boo,,,,. Chicago Negroe.,' income 1,_,. $1.'; millimr CIVIL RIGHTS 'White Problem' Spawned 'Black Power' by Alvin F. Poussainl. 88 Rflcial spats in rights mo..-ement yield coutrOL·ersi<rllt>rut ENTERTAINMENT Opportunity Please Knock ......................•.••.•••• 104 ) "outh gang produces shou: with Oscar Bro•rn }r. THE 'NOW' GENERATION Negro Youth In The 'Now' Generation by DonolcJ R. Hoplcins .•• 110 Blt~cl·; youngsters shun white rebel.• tdtllout crr11.•e Hippies Of Hashberry by Charles E. Brown . . , ...•..••••••••• 116 A neu· generation flees the old Americun Dri'Cun ART A New Surge In The Arts by Allan Morrison . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . 134 } 'oung generation enhance tradition of creutit:e e.Ypression DEPARTMENTS Speaking Of People..................... ~. . • • . . . • • . . . . • 6 Photo-Editorial: A Challenge To Youth ...•..•.••.•.••.•.•. 144 Fashion Fair: The Young Look Is The Mod Look •....•..•.•. 146 Date With A Dish: Favorites With The Young Set .....•..... 152 Covet Photo by Lacey Crawford, Design by Cecil Ferguson Addrt» all editorial and actvertlslnl correspondence to EBONY. 1820 South Mid11111n Avenue. Ct1iea1o. Illinois 60616. New York omee: 1270 Avenue of the Americas. New York City, N. Y. 10020. Los Angeles ofthe: 3600 Willtlire 8outevard, Los Anleles. Calif, 90005. Washington oftiee : 1750 Pennsyl • wania Awe. N.W., Washin1ton. 0. C. 20006. Parls otnee: 38, Awenue Geor1e V, Paris a~. France. For · ehanoe of address, furnish stenciled address from recent Issue. Send new and old address to 1820 S. Michignn Avenue. Chicago, Ill. 60616. Four weeks• notice required to make change. € Copyright. 1967, bY Johnson Publlshine Co. Inc. Repn~duetion In whole or in part prohibited without ptrm•ssaon. Manu· scripts. photos and art submitted should be accompanied by nlf·addressed tnvelollts and return postave. The publisher assumes no renonsltlillty for return ef unsolicited manuscraots or Dnoto~. • SUBSCRIPTIONS: I year (12 issues) 55. 2 yoars (24 iuuos) 58. 3 years (36 I : ye;r. Other countries $7 a year. Single COOitS soe. m issues) SIO. 4 years (48 issues) Sl2. Canada and Pan-American countries $6 a EBONY is indend in the Readers' Guide To Periodical literature. Member Audit Bureau of Circulations Co., Inc., at 1820 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60616. 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VIET NAM Every youth must face the fact of involvement PHOTOS BY ROBERT J. ELLISON EVERY Negro youth in the U. S., whether he be a sharecropper on a cotton farm in Mississippi's Delta or an undergraduate pursuing :;tudies toward his bachelors degree in the · cloistered halls of Harvard, has something i1 common with his brothers in addition to the color of his skin-he faces involvement in one way or another with the war in Viet Nam. According to the law of the land, every youth of 18, regardless of race, creed or color, must register with the Selective Service System of the federal government and hold himself ready for a call from his local draft board. What happens after he is called to service can vary greatly-but it seldom docs. Despite the example set by heavyweight boxing champion Muhammad Ali who refused to step forward to take the oath after being drafted and despite the preachings of Stokely Carmichael and Dr. ;\Iartin Luther King against any involvement in the Viet Nam war, most Negro youths do what their fathers have done before them-they sign up, go into the forces and, as Department of Defense records can well attest, serve bravely and with honor wherever they are sent. That many have not followed the example of Champ .\1uhammad Ali is understandable. Best friend of the Viet Nam GI is the helicopter pilot. Copters take men out on missions, supply them with food and ammnnitiun, give fire cover when they are pinned down and take the wounded to hospitals. Here Ken and his buddies meet and unload evening supply helicopter (right and below). Despite Ali's money and prestige, he is facing five years in jail and a $10,000 fine. "!\lan," said one Negro draftee when asked why he accepted service despite discrimination against Negroes in the U. S., ''I'd rather take my chances in the Army than spend all that time in jail." The high cost of litigation accompanying any attempt to beat the draft also mitigates against a Negro youth's legally escaping sen·ice-even when he may have legitimate grounds for e:-.emption. Despite the fact that some 70 per cent of Negro youth called by their draft boards are rejected either because of illiteracy or physical defects. Negroes are seeing military service in Viet Nam at a greatly disproportionate ratewhile Negroes make up only ll per cent of tlw U. S. population they are providing 23 per cent of the fighting forces. The reasons for this arc numerous, including the fact that, proportionally, the Negro population is much younger than the white ( ~egro male median age is 20.4 years and the white male is 28.2). Negroes also provide only a little more than four per cent of the draft-deferred college students and unemployment among Negro youth is so critical that many enlist to escape the boredom and defeat of slum ghetto living. \1any reenlist rather than return to substandard homes in crowded slums. It boils down to the fact that for many Negro youth, military service with its regimentation and all its danger, is a better life with more promise than they can find outside. Pfc. Ulysses C. Kendall whose Viet Nam life is pictured on these pages, is, in many ways, typical of the Negro Cis fighting loyally for their country in the rice paddies, jungles and swamps of South Viet Nam. An artillery RTO (radio-telephone operator), he volunteered to work with a line infautry company where with FO (forward observer) 1st Lt. Charles Szekely, 23, of Tren- , CLARION. DEFENDER - · · · ) M · · I t · · ·u g !eared of Viet Con". A helping hand from lieutenant speeds pfc. across waterhol<>. \Vith carhin<> at rcacly. Ken moves mlto,~·•llage ( •:•ght l.t ' 2~,s~e~~ mg ~~~~nor;~~~~:~ aat~:c~ed to 25th Inf. Di~. Joking with dose friend Pfc. Clarence L. Gray Jr., 19 (belnw), Ken n·la~l's hcfor,· evcmng mea. n.en """'gnet o a cry, s ., ., ton, N. J., and reconnaissance man Cpl. Dennis Dupuock, ~2, he is a part of a forward observer team which scouts ahead of Company C, 2nd. Bn., 27th Inf. Reg. of the 25th Infan.try Division, the famed "Wolfhounds." Kendall grew up in a slum on the South Side of Chicago. The son of impoverished, deaf-mute parents, Kendall says, "I know what ifs like to eat cornHakes for dinnei." But Kendall early determined that he would leave the slums and when he was 10 years old discovered his way out. He saw a professional football game on television and decided that football would get him the college education he felt he must have. In his freshman year at Dunbar Vocational High, he tried out for the team and found out that he was too small. Determined, }le worked for a year to build up his body. He made the team the next year and, by graduation he had won some 20 scholar~hip offers. From high school, he went to Cameron Junior College in Lawton, Okla., where he was named Junior College All-American and then to Tex~s Western U. where he captained the team his senior year, received his bachelor's in elemt·ntary education and married his wife, Lillian. He and his wife both took jobs after his graduation to earn money to send him back to t:ullege to earn a master's degree but the draft board interfered and Kendall soon found himself the fullback on the 24th Inf. Div. Artillery team in Germany. He scored 1.5 touchdowns and two 2-point conversions to win honors on the European All-Army team. His next "touchdown" was in Viet Nam where he recently left a helicopter in a hot lauding zone and was immediately pinned down by machinegun fire. Crawling forward to contact Lt. Szekely so that they could radio for artillery support, he found himself (because of the radio antenna) a prime target. \'laneuvering into the shelter of a rice paddy dike, he finally reached Szekely and the rest of the night they fought from the stinkiug, muddy waters of the paddies. When the fighting subsided in the morning, they had to use lighted cigarettes to burn off the leeches. On another night, a sniper's tracer bullet cut a fiery path straight toward his face as he crawled forward. It hit jmt inches in front of him and ricocheted over his head. Kendall is a good soldier (he's been rec:ommended for promotion) and believes he knows what he is fighting for. "We're fighting for a cause over here," he says, "both to protect the U. S.-in the long run-and to protect the rights of the South Vietnamese people.... We're also helping to rehabilitate the people. . .. We've never had a war on our homefront, and these protesters would change their tune if they could see how these people have to live because Of the Viet Cong." He also recognizes that the treatment of the Negro at home can have an effect on the Negro GT in Viet Nam. But he feels that integration in Viet Nam must also have an effect upon civil rights back home. As he puts it, "You just can't live in a foxhole together, drink out of the same canteen, cover fire for each other and then go back and say 'go to hell.'" Going home this fall, Ken will be one of the some 15,000 Negro soldiers who return from Viet Nam each year. How the U. S. as a whole treats these returning Cis will have a lot .to say about how much racial progress will be made in the post war years. A tearful lot clutching a gift of C-rations (left) hates to Sl'e his friend getting ready to leave. In full gear (above, left). Ken thanks Vietnamese family for their hospitality before moving out into countryside to resume mission. · · ] ) K b f · d D k t lk b t I me as Ken reads letter from wife. Both will be discharged After evening meal, Ken and Gray share can of beer. In native house (ng 1t , en, est nen upnoc a a ou 10 ld be h h. bl .. on return to States and Ken will be guest at Dupnock's wedding. Says Ken, "If everyone was as close as Dupe and I, there wou no sue t mg as a race pro em.
...... -... -- -... .. ... - I"' -.. .... -....,... - Pie Fi II ing Used Here Ice cream tops this quickly made dessert. This Dessert An Easy Dish Rice Cereal in These Goodies . 'A combination of rice cereal and marshmallows' makes a q u i c k and easy confection. .Make the goodies several days ahead. CEREAL GOODIES 1/3 cup butter or margarine 1 11-ounce bag large marshmallows 2 squares of unsweetened chocolate 5-6 cups of packaged crisp rice cereal lh teaspoon vanilla extract · Butter a 9" by 9" by 2" cake pan. In double boiler, over boiling water, melt butter with . marshmallows a n d chocolate until smooth and blended. Meanwhile, place rice cereal in a buttered three-quart bowl. I n t o marshmallow mixture stir vanilla extract. Then remove from heat, pour over rice ce~eal, and quickly stir together until all cereal is moistened; press mixture into prepared pan and refrigerate. Cut c r i s p y mixture into squares. Store, covered. Makes CLARION DEFENPER ~········································ : - .. ••••• .. •~••••••••••~•••••• •• •••••• •••••••••• I.: . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . Call Call Mark Lee, one of Portlands most con- : troversial talk show moderators .. The timl: to call is from 12:30 to 2:00. Monday thr~: . ough Friday, on any subject, you name-it! - ~ •···········••·••••·•··••·········•··•••· , ·············•··•·•·•·······•·················• • JC,biQ 1290KC .. Portland's ''TALK'' Radio Station * 10:15 Doug Baker ** Noon Joe Pyne * 12:30 Mark Lee * 2:00 Mark Allen * 3:00 Pete Wheeler ** 4:00 Joe Pyne * . 4:30 Just Plain Jack * 6:30 Jim Rosenbaum WITH 2 col cut Aug. 10 . Combine pie filling, pre--about llh doze~. With bread on hand and a can serves, lemon peel, salt and . To vary: Or~ut chocolate fro!ll of apple pie filling on the shelf, cinnamon and spoon over bread r~~e-cere~~· mixture. Spread It, you can make a good dessert in baking dishes. Bake at 375 a .er me. mg, over riC~-ce:eal in short order. degrees for 30 muiutes o t'l mixture, JUSt before cuttmg mto ·•&1.·-- ** 8:30 Barry Farber *Telephone Show **Interview Show l l t . .... liFJ iM ·,o' s .. t .... tjt ~ f.M. .-. cr u• It . . ' r un 1 squares m step 3. BREAD 'N BUTTER APPLE bread IS criSp and brown. Serve ' BAKE each with a scoop of ice cream. 6 slices white . bread, removed Makes 6 servings. crust lh cup butter, melted Lettuce Proves 2 tablespoons sugar 1 No. 2 can (2 cups) apple Versatile Item pie filling 3 tablespoons apricot pre- Western iceberg lettuce may serves be chopped very fine, until 1 teaspool! grated lemon it is fluffy and light, then mixed peel with real mayonnaise or dairy Dash salt sour cream. Add chopped onion Dash_ gr?und cinnamon and crumbled blue cheese to Vanilla Ice cream make a thick dressing for fried Fit bread slices into 6 well- prawns. buttered small baking dishes Or serve like a dip with a sel- (6 - ounce glass or individual ection of carrot and cucumber &hall?w casseroles. Brush slic- sticks, celery and green onion es Wit~ melted butter and sprin- as a switch from the usual kle w1th sugar. salad. Time to Mal(e Holiday Gifts . Christmas may seem a long with cranberry - orange relish time away, but late summer is and raisins. Tie spices in cheesethe time to make some of those cloth bag; add to mixture. Stir gift chutneys, relishes, etc. in sugar and vinegar. Bring to a Both peaches and cantaloupe boil, lower heat and simmer 15 are plentiful, and used along minutes, stirring constantly. Rewith these fruits in the recipes move spice bag. Spoon mixture below are cranberry j u i c e while hot into sterilized jars or cocktail or cranberry - orange glasses. Top with a thin layer relish. of melted paraffin. Cool, then PE/\CH OR CANTALOUF E cap and store in cool, dark CRANBERRY CHUTNEY place. (Makes about 6 pints) CRANBF.:RRY MINCEMEAT 18 firm peaches or 4 large RELISH firm cantaloupes (Makes ~bout 3'12 cups) 1 jar (l4 ounces) 1 package (9 ounces) cranberry-orange relish packaged dried 2 cups raisins mincemeat 2 cinnamon sticks 1 piece ginger root 2 cups cranberry juice cock12 whole cloves tail 3 cups sugar 1 red apple, cored and 1 cup cider vinegar chopped Dip peaches into boiling wa· % cup drained sweet pickle ter for a few seconds, or until relish skins can be pulled off easily Crumble mincemeat into a with a sharp knife. Halve, pit saucepan. Add cranberry juice. and cube peaches. (If using Bring to a boil. Simmer for 10 cantaloupes, peel, halve and re- minutes, stirring occasionally. move seeds. Cube cantaloupe.) I Remove from heat and cool. In a large saucepan or kettle Stir in· remaining ingredients. mix peaches or cantaloupes Chill until ready to serve. iNameany I orange drink. !See! \Orange-Crush. tis the first i thing that pops I. t [In oyour . I • d 1 m1n . l . •• ••••... ••••••••••• ~ ••• •.• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• a-••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• - . . . Country Style Ribs s~~;- lb. 69' Reb R I Standing Rib 85 I oas IS ... u~~~.~t.;~:· .. cJ R~~:~.. lb. c Spencer Steaks ;E~~ lb. $169 Fillet of Sole C-IFrw•h lb. 69' Wosta.fr•• 1-lb. pkg. Bar-S Beef Franks Roast 'N Chops ~;~~;::_. 1&. B•ef Patties ·o:~::=:s 1:k:- 59' 69' 79( Pork loin Roast lean cuts from small youn~ pork. loin End portion lb. ORANGE JUICE Scotch Treat Florida Juice 6 oz. can c BACON MISSISSIPPI Sliced lean-streaked 1-lb. Freshly smoked pkg. Star Smokees Corned Beef Sofeway loneless ltitket 69c lb. 79c lrwokfost Sau5ege 12 ••• pkg. Full RIB TEAKS ·U.S.D.A. Choice Grade Beef Fully Aged for Peak Flavor Value lb Trim e Pork Chops~::::.~=::. SSe Ciame Hens 12~! 69c GET A LOAD OF THESE VALUES AT SAFEWAY --AURORA--- Bathroom Tissue , ~ ~~.:r!!~a~i~ro;.·- 10 $1 Cake M•1xesl~~~~b~~~e4 $1 YOU Five 2-roll pkgs. (or) rolls ;:;~e;;;. for .._s_:6_~E_. I BUSY BAKER VALUES! I D. Morton's Frozen 3 $1 YOU I n n e r S Chicken, Beef, Turkey, f SAVE Fo~!:~~~~;:d Cookies 4 9 c H .I c Dr· nMkea~~·5::::::~,~~:~"' 2or5' ~-~-~-; .... S I d Lucerne Slow 29' I R!~::~:~s PRICE a a S . Macaroni or 46 Carrat·laisirt Pt. oz. can Rolls Skylark Potato 29C M • Coldbrook 15 YOU Bread'·':~;:.;~~;;;: 29' argartne ;~:\:~:;i c .... 5~-~-E .. LARGE SIZE HERMISTON WILLOWS BLANKET :~ .;.•;:;;~; :2;.9~ylon. $ 3 99 Large AA Eggs WatermelOn Juicy sweet and mouth-watering good. 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CONTINUED FROM PAGE 1 'White Problem' selves to dea.th so that all Afro-Americans could be free. Like so many of her black co-workers, Betty started her work in the movement as an idealistic "integrationist" believing that a new world of black-white solidarity was soon a-coming. Just a few years ago in churches all. over the South, black workers threw their heads back, clasped the hands of those white boys and girls, and sang, "Black and white together, we shall overcome," as if God himself had come to deliver them. It was wonderful to hold that white hand-it was beautiful -and the black workers were grateful. The local black community ·also appreciated the participation of white students. Its members had been encouraged ·by civil rights leaders to suppress and repress any negative, hostile feelings toward the white, workers. In fact, some Negroes gave them all the "respect" normally reserved for the white plantation boss. Black youths walked Mississippi dirt roads arm-inarm with white volunteers, their heads bobbing in the sunshine, chanting, "Ain't nobody gonna turn us around." But now Betty was talking in a new way. For as she and other blacks and whites had been drawn closer together in the isolation of the South and strained by the "battle-front" atmosphere of their daily work, it had become nearly impossible to hide all of their real but unacceptable feelings. They had learned painfully that the realities of racism had affected their minds in so many ways that normal human relations betwee·n the races was fraught with severe social and psychological difficulties. Betty didn't want the white students in the movement anymore, was disillusioned with integration, and was now a strong "black power" supporter. I talked to her and more than 100 other Negro civil righters while I worked in ~fississippi as their physician. As a psychiah'ist also, I was frequently struck with their insights into the subtleties of "black-white" relations. What I found was that most of them felt that white civil rights volunteers caused too many problems which at that time seemed irresolvable. They also felt that most of the whites who came down were either just white racists of another variety or that they had psychological "hang-ups" centered around black people. In most cases, they were able to present evidence from their personal experiences to support their switch from a desire for an "integrated movement" to an "all-black movement." After the many negative experiences in "black-white" relations which they endured in the Summer Project of 1964 when swarms of white workers descended upon the South, the ground was laid for the easy acceptance of the "black power" concept. One 22-year-old, black, male worker summed up the Summer Project of 1964 this way: "I don't know any 'different' kinds of white folks because all of them are racist at heart, even those in the movement. I would say that some of them are worse than the, white segregationist because they are out here feeling sorry for the 'poor colored folks' and they are doing nothing more than satisfying their own needs by being nice to the Negroes. I made a lot of mistakes in my life, and one of the greatest ones I made was to think the whites in the movement were different from other whites. There is no difference. They just do it in different ways. Everything I learned, I got from Negroes. Whites didn't do anything on my project in Greenwood in the summer of '64 but raise hell and sleep around and do all sorts of other things that kept hell going. We didn't get any work done because we used all our energy fighting them. I feel that they should go and try to help their folks and stay away from the black community because all they're doing is screwing up the minds of the local people. They came down here and started talking about all that could happen and they went away, leaving the local people with a lot of hope and nothing else. They went away themselves feeling that they had saved those poor Negroes but they hadn't. It would have been better, in a way, if they had never come down." Indeed, most black workers felt the whites who came down were primarily concerned with fulfilling some personal need or were there mainly for their own self-aggrandizement and self-glorification. Many of the Negroes sensed that the whites tried to act superior and that they wanted to be leaders, showing the down-h'odden black folks the road to "freedom." This problem of messianic, racial superiority that was so prevalent among some white workers in the movement has been called the "White African Queen Complex" in the females and the "Tarzan Complex" in the male. One black project leader explained: "Every white person has a reason for coming into the black community. Whites shouldn't be in offices in the movement for they think they are superior. They shouldn't even be allowed to type in the office for they even act superior in that position. They always boss you around and act as if you don't have any sense." A black girl added: "These white workers come down and in a week or so they act like the expert and authority on everything about the Negro and civil rights. Right away they want to start 'running' everything." According to their critics, the whites did mos_t of the "talking" and very little "listening" to local black people. They were said to be impatient and to quickly begin to "direct programs" and "run" the project office, thus "taking over" from the black people. One black leader remarked, "Some of these missionary white kids go in to organize a black community as if they were herding together a group of docile cattle. They encourage the Negroes to worship them." This white paternalism and superiority was particularly upsetting' to the black leadership because one of the prime goals of the movement was to develop latent leadership potential within the black communities. The over enthusiasm for leadership shown by some whites perpetuated the myth among the Southern Negroes that it was only whites who could bring about change. Thus, despite .what appeared to be civil rights gains, most of the black community was left feeling as helpless and powerless as they had before. Because many of the white workers had unresolved racial prejudices they made very poor community organizers in terms of carrying out the goals of the movement. Many white volunteers were also ineffective in their work in the black neighborhoods because of what appeared to be their disrespect for black people. One young Negro lady reported to me that some of the white students felt they "could identify better with the local black people if they (whites) were dirty and unkempt." They felt this was "getting down to the level of the people." Naturally, this angered local Negroes who took such behavior on the part of the whites as a sign of disrespect. For to feel that they didn't have to take a bath around Negroes, although they did so when they were in their own white community, certainly smacked of contempt. Still other Caucasian volunteers, bent on showing how "free" they were around black people, would indulge in all manner of unconventional behavior·in the Negro community which black workers felt they would never dare exhibit "back home with their own kind." Many acted as if "anything goes in the black community" and used it as a stage for their antisocial and rebellious "acting out." Therefore, local Afro-Americans were repulsed by them and began to see them as "misfits, beatniks, leftovers, white trash, sluts, etc." who were only in the movement because they had been in some way rejected and cast out by their own white society. Some blacks felt that many of the Caucasians saw the movement CLARION, ·ofFENDER Crises in "black-white relations" among civil rights workers in the South often centered around socio-sexual conBicts. Negro girls were often resentful and jealous of the attention which Negro men showed to white girls, and vke versa. Daylong discussions over these problems often limited the amount of project work completed. times in flaunting their new-found sense of racial brotherhood, white workers even endangered entire communities. For instance, marshals on demonstrations frequently complained that many of the white girls would reach out and affectionately take the hand of a Negro male worker in front of a :\lississippi highway patrolman and/or local white toughs. The Negro fellow would frequently be too awed or frightened to say anything about it. although ultimately he would be the one who was beaten or shot in the head if red-necks attacked. Local black people who realized they had to lit;e in :\lississippi became angry at whites for unnecessarily making survival more difficult for them and the movement. :\1any Caucasians created difficulties for the movement by another manifestation of th'eir tendency to be martyrs. They were so guiltridden that they were almost completely "permissive" with their black as a quick ladder to status and prestige in their own home towns and resented whites using the movement for this self-centered purpose. "Many of these whites want to be martyrs and are looking for excitement and adventure," said a Negro fellow from a rural county. Another said, "A lot of white folks do come down here to get beaten, and then they can go back to their homes in the North and act like martyrs and become big wheels." Many of the black workers were annoyed at the amount of publicity in the mass media that the white workers received. Betty bitterly said to me one day: 'Tm not going on any more demonstrations and get my head whupped so that some white kid can get his picture in the paper." One young black lady from :McComb, Miss., complained: "We've been getting beaten up for years trying to integrate lunch counters, movies, and so on, and nobody has ever paid us any attention or wrote about us. But these white SOBs come down here for a few months and get all the publicity. Everybody talks about how brave and courageous they are. What about us?" Negro workers were particularly infuriated when some white volunteers sought out publicity and accepted it even when it properly should haye been given to one of the local black citizens. This need for adventure and acclaim exhibited by many Caucasian> led to another very serious problem. Because they were prone to unnecessary risk-taking and provocative behavior toward local whites, they endangered both themselves and their Negro co-workers. Someco-workers. These types characteristically gave away most of their money and other possessions to Negro co-workers. They just couldn't say "no." They became ready "victims" and attracted blacks who wished to exploit and abuse them. These whites made it very difficult for leaders to maintain proper discipline on local projects-a condition which was vital in the "battlefront" environment of Southern civil rights work. Leaders became annoyed because so many of the white students seemed to encourage some Negroes to victimize them as a way of atoning for their guilt. A worker told me that a number of white volunteers confided to him that they felt "Negroes have suffered so much that I can't bring myself to get angry with them for anything." Project leaders, therefore, who were trying to solve difficulties in "blackwhite" relations would frequently become frustrated and throw their hands up in despair. Frequently, white guilt was a big factor in black-white socio-sexual encounters. Black workers told me over and over again that a lot of white volunteers tried to prove they were not racially prejudiced by having intense social relations with black people. Of course, this caused many problems. Negro girls were jealous and upset about the attention white females would show to black men. and vice versa. The young black ladies also complained that the situation was made quite difficult for them because many white girls were "too willing." Black females were also angry at some of the white males whom they felt often saw them primarily as sex objects "just like the Southern white man." FreedoM School faculty in Hattiesburg, Miss., during the 1964 Summer Project was headed by Negro couple, Carolyn and Arthur Reese (above), Detroit school teachers. But most administrative positions were filled by white civil rights workers. It seemed that many of the Caucasian students believed in the myth (or legend) of Negro sexual superiority. Negro girls were particularly amazed at the extremely seductive behavior of m·any of the white girls. When black girls were discussing white girls a remark that became popular was, "I think all these white girls down here sat up North dreaming about being raped by some big black Negro and came down here to see what it was like!" Another black fellow was driven to remark, "It's so bad in the movement that the black woman has lost her husband and the white woman has gained him." Several project leaders felt that a substantial proportion of the Negro workers had joined mainly because of the opportunity to socialize with whites; and they admitted that even the "black nationalist types" continued a vigorous social pursuit of the white volunteers. All of this, of course, created added problems in maintaining proper motivation for civil rights work. In fact, so much energy was expended by both black males arid females in discussing the problems created by white girls in particular that on many days little project work was accomplished. In addition, it became clear that local black people were becoming extremely frightened by interracial girl-boy liaisons and, thus, frequently refused to cooperate with the project work. Once more it seemed to black leaders that the only way to solve mounting difficulties was to bar all white volunteers from work within the black community. There were some black workers who, while intellectually lmdt·rstanding the reasons for sending whites home, could not sufficiently mobiliz~ their emotional feelings to openly advocate such a position. After all, they "had been through so much with the white workers," i.e., demonstrations, jailings, etc. Still others frankly felt too dependent upon the white students. They were afraid to have them leave and, thus, to be left on their own. But increasing numbers of Negro staffers became disenchanted and discouraged by the problems which an integrated movement in thl· South had created. While most black leaders readily admitted there were some "oood and effective" Caucasian workers who did not present "' serious problems, they felt the exclusion of all whites was the only way to avoid the risk of the inclusion of "so many bad ones." More and more project leaders asked their white workers to leave. By the summer of 1965, open warfare had broken out between those who on the one hand wanted an "all black movement" and the white workers plus their Negro ~llies on the other. The rank-and-file Negroes began to apply pressme on their organizations to be more mititantly "black." Workers who two summers before had been singing with ardor and hope, "Black and white together, we shall overcome," were now shouting, "black power" more in the spirit of "we shall overthrow" racism and white supremacy in American life. There is no doubt that the unresolved psychological difficulties in "black-white relations" within the Southern civil rights movement contributed to the development of the cun-ent concept of "black power" which, in turn, discouraged whites from civil rights work in the black community. As Betty put it "I don't know whether the movement was not ready for whites, or ;hether the whites V:ere not ready for the movement."
In The CLARION DEFENDER GenerationNegro Youth ~Now' Donald R. Hopkins, 30, is assistant dean of students at the University of California at Berkeley where he received his LL. B. degree. Born in Tulsa, Okla., he also holds a B. A. from the U. of Kansas and an M. A. from Yale. He is a member of Phi Beta Kappa and chairm:m of the Bay Area Independent Democrats. youngsters shun ranks of white rebels without cause BY DONALD R. HOPKINS Problem-ridden black THE present generation of America's youth has been variously described as the "now" or the "studied" generation. Countless books, films, magazine articles and documentaries have chronicled its trek into the forefront of American consciousness. Unlike the "silent" generation whose relative quiescence nurtured a slumbering concern for the failure of its social consdence and its dedicated pursuit of a comfortable niche in status-quo American society, the present generation under 25 has engaged the anxious awareness of even those whose bent is most liberal and permissive among the elders. Most observers of the youthful scene are frankly bewildered by the kaleidoscopic array of mind-blowing activities which, they suspect, conceal only too well the deep-seated problems of a society which has been unable or unwilling to construct a pastiche of moral and economic values which could command the respect and loyalty of their youth. As with their white counterparts, Negro youths are going through a period of profound ferment, though it is a ferment perhaps somewhat less studied. There exists still the tendency to see Negro youths as essentially identical to white youths, if somewhat less privileged due to segregation and discrimination in housing. employment, education and the lot. T~ feel this is to ignore a great truth about race relations "in this country; it is to ignore that those i\'egro youths who participated in sit-ins, freedom rides and similar demonstrations t'hat spawned today's young activists did so for reasons essentially diffe1·ent in psycho-social dynamics than those of white youths in that those Negro youths who today manifest the extreme forms of alienation from this society, are alit>nated for reasons essentially different from those of white youths. Before pursuing this thesis further, howe\'er, we should look quickly to the statistics and underlying observable phenomena which put our problem in perspective. According to the FBI, young people under 2.j account for 7:3.4 per cent of arrests for rapes. murders, larcenies and other major crimes, and cause 31.5 per cent of all traffic fatalities. Young people on college campuses spearheaded the movement for ci\"il rights in the South and in the process dramatically eonfronted the white American conscience with its all too impure attitudes concerning race. Lately. they were not content to question, with all the drama and freneticism of which youth is capable, the morality of a war against a tiny brown nation in the Far East; they even staged demonstrations in favor of the enemy. The personal beha,·ior of the young took on shocking aspects as they took to dramatizing the cathartic effect of obscene words, the psychicliberating effect of marijuana and \'arious mysterious drugs, and the culturally liberating effects of identifying psychologically with Indian, ~lexican and other exotic cultures. \lajor sections of major U. S. cities like Los :\ngeles. San Francisco. Chicago and New York haYe been literally occupied by a new breed of humanity characterized by boys who dress like girls and girls who dress like boys. Not onlv do the young people hail the fourletter wo;d and threaten to rtnnul the gains made by the liquor industry by the repeal of prohibition. they have come to listen to a complicated staccato of amplified sounds played lw artles~ adolescents who go by names that r~relv belie their appearance: The Grateful Dea(i. The Animals, The ~lonkees. The Second Coming. etc. \Vhen they sing, their highly romanticized. often propagandistic lyrics rarely fail to hurl barbs at the morally decadent generation over :)0, or to speak in hig'hly stylized self-pity of how awful is the society which annually supplies them with some $14 billion worth of clothes. cars and sundry paraphernalia essential to maintaining the generational distinction which encapsules their most significant idcntitv. \Vitl;in the curious melange of youthful happenings. it is difficult to see the young N('gro, and the reason is that this is not where he is ·'at." On the streets of the Haight-Ashbury in San Francisco. onlv a few black faces are to be seen in the crowd.s, even though the communitv is the most integrated in the city and ~ta;1ds on the border of the black ghetto. Very few who are there can generally be seen observing the inelegance and inexcellcnce of the dancers with a curious disdain. The argot of the hippie seems square to the Negro youth who invented it and who is simply mo,·ed to invent a subterranean language somewhat more obscure. Negro youths who know intimately the world of Claude Brown's Mnncliild In Tlw Promised Land find somewhat less romance in psychedelic: and other heavy drugs, and though indicatiQns are·that a good percentage will smoke marijuana. they are less likely to make a big public thing of it, as it is not an essential part of tlwir rebellion. White youths are essentially in rebellion against the inanities of middle classness. They At recent meeting of Assn. of Bl.t('k Colh·gians at Printeton (ahove and right ) partidp:mts dcm.mded "a n>ice in ptmning their pr<"paration for life in a 1n>rkl nP<'ding thl'ir leadership'· \vhile asserting the :\(•gro undcrgrd<hu tL·"s ··acceptance of hitnsclf and hi, hlackne" a' a ,-.,luahle forct• in the struggle for a hcttcr America." Some 150 Ea,t Co.1st collegian~ attended. S A G N E R S E L L 0 U T generation are t:hi,·f black power proponent Stokely Carmit:hael (above) and til(' late \lalcolm X. Author credits assassinated leader with having bct'n "tlw one nationwide spokesman for black people who had really capturcd the imagination of young peopk in ;'\;orthern urban ghettos." Every car must be sold regardless of price. Pay as little as $10.00 down and small weekly payments. I don't care how your credit is if you have have been bankrupt kicked out of the house, or in the dog h;use. Come and see me. I will try my level best to sell you a car. No high pressure selling here. 1965 Cad Sedan DeVille Full Power Air Condition 1965 Pontiac Grand Priaux 1964 Cadillac El Dorado Con. Cpe. 1963 Pon~iac Catalina 2 dr. H. T. 1962 Dodge vart. 2dr.H.T. 1961 Stude Hawk 2 dr. H. T. 1963 Olds Cutlass 2 dr. 1964 Olds 445 Beautiful 1965 Pontiac G. T. 0. 1963 Cad Cpe. DeVille Full Power Factory'Air 1961 Lincoln 4 dr. Sedan Full Pwr. Fact. Air $1395. 1961 Thunderbird $995. 1964 Chev. Con. Ope. $1245. 1962 Chev. Con. Cpe. $9951955 Chev. H. T. Ope. stick 1958 Chev. 4 dr. Sedan $195. 1959 Olds. Needs work $95. 1959 Pontiac Station Wagon 1960 Chev. Carry All 1961 Ford Pickup $195. Remember every car must be sold now. us for a real buy. Come see SAGNER 1838 N.E. UNION AVE. 288· 85.34 have been invited by their elders into a life of such great material comfort and security that it is lacking in depth, meaning, spirit and intellectual or moral challenge. Norman \1ailer once noted that ''the cameos of security for the <Werage white: mother and the home, job and the family, are not even a mockery to millions of Negroes; they are impossible." The rebel among Negro youth is then understandably more like that described by the French philosopher Camus in The Rebel, one who "has acted under the lash of his master's whip [and] suddenly he turns and faces ruin." It should not be surprising then, that the rebellion of Negro youth has taken on a different form and C)Hality. Negro youths in the "now·' generation are doing essentially different things than their white counterparts. White youths "·ho a few ye<lrs ago expressed their rebellion against the ideas of their elders by going off to fight the civil rights wars in the South. or by joining the Peace Corps, are now drowning their alienation in the hippie culture and student adi,·ist mo\'ements. As one observer. Seymour L. Halleck of the University of "'isconsin. has described the hippie, he "seeks an existt'ncl' in which he is committed neither to past Yalues nor future causes. 'Vith his focus on the prl'sl'nt he is determined to experience t'\-erything he can: His sex life is often promiscuous: his de- ,·otion to marijuana and occasionalh- to more potent drugs sometimes takes on n·iigions intensity. Despauing of any hope for guidance from the past, pessimistic toward the possibility of altering the world in which lw \\·ill li,·e, he turns to himself. He eschews political in- ,·olvement and finds solace in aesthetics." ·whereas the hippie has follmwd the <:>diet of its self-appointed high priest. Dr. Timothy Leary. to "tune in, turn on. drop out.'' the political activists have been able to n'cord some important accomplishments in being a gadfly !{!the institutions and societv around thrm. In the same tradition of their ci\'il rights acth·ities, they han· canied the ball of protest a!!ainst the nation's foreign policies in Latin .-\mnil'a and Asia, and lul\·e forced uniYersity administrators and faculty into a close examination of the role of the student in modern nni,·<:>rsities. Howe,·er. the activism of these students has they best b o~ ~=us to seem to be unable to sustain a mo' emcnt which could bring about permanent improwments in either their universities or the societv at large. Most importantly, hmwn•r. for th~ future of race relations in this countrv. they have lost contact with, and seem unable to understand, their Negro counterparts. Negro youths who are politically and socially active are not to be found. for the most part, in the traditional setting of :\'A.-\CP youth groups, and on college campuses. in fraternity and sorority groups. At the UniH•rsit,· of California, at Berkeley, a campus \Yhich .is knmn1 as the crucible of the hippie and student activist culture, the most intellectuallv oriented and activist Negro students are to l;e found in the Afro-American Student Union rather than in fraternity or sorority groups. The only on!anizatwn of Negro graduate students is callt'd the Black Graduate Students Forum <1J,d contains a significantly large percen of the "Tune In, turn on, drop out" philosophy of LSD high priest Dr. Timothy Leary has little appenl to :\egro youngstt•rs. u~egro youths ." 1nites Hopkins, ''1d10 know intimal<-1)· the world of Claude Brown's Manchild ln The Promised Land, find less romanc<· m psychedelic and other heavy drugs ••• and are less likely to make a big pnhlic thing of it, as it is not an essential part of their rebellion." gro graduate students on campus. ~1emlwrs of both groups insist upon being called "black." or "Afro-American," and recently lodg(•d a' ery stron!;! (and nearly violent) protest ''"ith the campus newspaper when it headlined an l ' \ rnt under their sponsorship, "Negro Plays." Similar "Afro-Amcrican"-oriented student societies exist now on almost eYery major college campus which has a significant number of :'\q~ro students. OPEN SUNDAY
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