Rain Vol III_No 7

RAIN Journal of Appropriate Technology MAY 1977 VOLUME III, NO.7 ONE DOLLAR -Tom Bender INSIDE: Economics of Firch Piles Bike Barrow Design Paths to the Solar World

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RAIN is a monthly information access journal and reference sepvice for people developing more satisfying patterns that increase local self-reliance and press less heavily on ou, ti-it"d ,"ro.rr""r. We try to give access to: * Solid technical support for evaluating and implementing new ideas. * Ecological and philosopbical perceptions that can help create more satisfying options for living, working and playing. * Up-to-date information on people, events and publications. 7977 Conseraation Direictoryr, $3 from, National Wildlife Federation l4l2-l6th St., N.W. Washington, DC 20036 A comprehensive listing and description ot government agencies and private organizations throughout the U.S. and Canada that are concerned with conservation and the environment. rLJ Spokane's Merry-Go-Round at the downtown riverfront park is now open; Unbelievable richness in its baroque wood-carved Garnboling horses, even Appaloosas, with birds holding up rhe backs of their saddles. Michael McClure's target clown for ride 'n toss games Set in an elegantjewel box of wood, mirror and glass, Take a child other than yourse lf. We need a national merry directory And one for steam calliopes. Anyone know where they are still turning and musicing? -LJ its way through the bureaucracies and construction will begin this summer. An experimental learning program, with college.credit available, will give opportunity for work in design and ionstruction of energy alternalives, habi tat desig.n and construction, adaptation of organic food production techniques to supporr 2500 inhabitants, design and consttuction of waste reduction and recycling systems, transpottation systems and development of communication and growth organization. Workshops, seminars and hands-on buildins experience. Write for information paciCt, -TB Aladdin Lamps Bill Day, our woodstove friend, warned us some rime ago that Aladdin lamps have been redesigned in a way rhat makes them much harder to fill without breaking the mantle. He suggests that if,you want one to hurry and get an old model one before dealer'sitocks are our. -TB helped bring together new social visions with the mechanisms for enacting them, is setting up a School for Entrepieneurs at the Tarrytown, NY, Conference Center. The course will be three highintensity weekends-May 7 -8, l4-L, 2l22* cov ering entrepreneurship theory, personal testing workshops, practical skills, individual business and idea guigriidance plus contacts, readings and lectures involving respected figures in many fields. Write above address for more information. -TB SHELTER Workshop Program in Eco-Systemic Community Design, July 9-Sept. 3,lg77 Tuition $475 Cerro Gordo Center for Creative Communiry P.O. Box 569 Cottage Grove, OR97424 The planning for the Cerro Gordo community in Oregon has finaily wended BUSINESS "The Case for Rural Industry," David Vail, 197 5 Department of Economics Bowdoin College Brunswick, ME 04011 A fine overview, with excellent bibliosraphy, of the benefit of small-scale e#- ployment-intensive rural industrv in developing countries. Many specific examples are given of flexibillty of scale in different industries, elasticitv of labor/capital substitution, and ih. unrealities of plant efficiency in most industries-simply and clearly laid out. Vail was an economic advisor in Tanzania during I972-3 and is now working on ways to strengthen the small farm sector in Maine. -TB School for Entrepreneurs Tarrytown Conference Center . East Sunnywide Lane Tarrytown, Ny 10591 Bob Schwartz, the well-known New Age entrepreneur rvhose articles on businesi and journalism in New Age Journal haie New Job of the Month: Recycled Glass products Recycling of many materials depends on development of markets for those. materials that can provide economic incentives for recycling. Small-scalc production plants utilizing such recycled materials are a key to this piocess, as they minimize transportation costs and thus have a possible competitivc advantage in local markets. Development Techniques Ltd.,36 Derby Road, FIinckley, Liecs. LE10 1QF, England, a subsidiary of ITDG, has developed ar.rd has available as a package unit a glassware molding plant. 'lhe plant employs 11 people, produces up to 3000 containers (300 cc. or other sizes) per day, ar a capital cost of f,52,000. They also provide training of workers and analysis of local matcrials. Seawecd ash, blrsi furnace slag, basalt, sandstone and local sands and clays have been successfully used as ingredients. *TB

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to which the manufacturer's logo sticker was not applied or which has a few tiny air bubbles in the glass are often scrapped or cheaply sold locally after transporrarion from thousands of miles away. Rather than our present consumer standards of "That's okay . . . that's not okay," an efficient economy would classify quality, and price, along a range of quality and perfection as "A-B-C-D or F, quality glass." Much of this irrational pickiness, which prevailed in affluence, will not endure in an era of energy and resource shortages. After "imperfe ct" new rejects come "perfect," operable but used products which are rejected for status or out-of-date style reasons. Too often in America, hot water heaters too small to serve a growing family or a new dishwasher are not "cascaded" down to a smaller family in the neighborhood which can put it back to the use for which it was designed (obviously re-use is the highest level of recycling), but rather turned over to the plumber for removal. The dedicated fircher can find these behind local plumbing srores . . . they're cheap. Those with burnt-out elements are free or even cheaper, since their destination is landfiil burial, awaitihg disinterment in 2O2O A.D., and taking material to a municipal landfill costs money. Increasingly the next firch quality level, "repairable," used, is fading out as products are not only designed to break down on time but to be virtually non-repairable when they do. More and more products are simply replaced rarher rhan fixed for another 10 or 20 years. Often this occurs because repairs, unless you can do them yourself, are so complex and therefore expensive that it is cheaper to throw it "away" (you're right, there isno "away") and buy a new one. When new black-and-white TVs cost less than the shop labor, overhead and markup on a new TV tube installed in an old set, no incentive for restoration exists. Further down the scale, right above raw materials themselves, are partially formed or fabricated items which can, with the appropriate tools and repertoire of fircher skills, be converted into something. Advanced firching consists not only in re-use and repair, but also design and "making-to-serve-as" from sheet metal, glass and auto body steel. Some of the most useful tools for conversion of this firch to useful ilems are, oxygen-acetylene welding-cutting cquipment, blacksmith forge and tools, electric arc welding unit. May 1977 RAIN Page 5 Indeed, with these the raw materials themselves can be turned into simplb or specialized tools. The best resources to consult, if you can't find a local blacksmith class, are two books by Alexander G. Weygers, Tbe Making of Tools a,nd Tbe Modern Blacksmitb, both $4.95 from Van Nosuand Reinhold Co., 45O W. 33rd St., NYC 10001. These are full of examples of how to make all sorts of useful items from such ubiquitous firch as car bumpers, auto coil springs, plow discs, cast-iron plumbing pipe and lawn mower blades. There is much more to iliuminate and legitimize about the art and science of firching. We'll cover acquiring firch next, then then the saivage yard as a process (from thru-put to final product) requiring some of, your personal attention to its organization and maintenance and, finally, the relationship of firch to appropriate technology. If you've any revelations that ought to be included, send 'em along to share with the rest of us crazy firchers. Anyone want to organize a conference . . . scroungers, recyclers, toolmakers, a.t.ers? -by Lee Johnson, with help from David Katz, Ken Smith and Dexter Bacon -a s !e E sS'5 Fcl{ -Ys sF & stock clee,ver Sa.lva4rd worn sEul di sc frcrn tractor plow i s ctrL as shown to rrrake sbck For tools freat a.Flatten on arnril Fsre .-{-\- -) ---:--=-+=:i--- sirnple &corelivz fordtnds t r o i t "".dy scr&p s?eli?ut".s di seardc,4 wortr arl8omotilc larde ro:cttc, F"r{"-hol orlly L-Z a -/ l,.i'''Rt.J

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May 197 7 RAIN Page 7 :::':. by BPA-utility-industry complex in 19g5, L99O or whenever. Or whether we could realisrically coriserve and slowly swirch to solar and wind instead, as mandated by most of the energy legislation setring overall state policies up here in the northf' west corner of America. Although the conclusions reached in this ground-breaking regional perspecrive are likeiy to have npA-uiility-industry ' powerplex lobbyists up late at night with their calculatori trying to shoot holes in the num6ers backing them up, the end-use technique supports the validity of eiergy conservation,euen uitbout going to the energy quality oiheat-range level ot analysis made famous by physicist Amory Lovins. From his studies of Canada, Japan and the U.S., Lovins found that no advanced, industrialized nation needs more than 5 to lOVo of all its energy in that high-quality form we call electricity. Future P.N.W. studies should bigin with a survey of regional thermodynamic requirements s6 that we can tell exactly where, how and when renewable energy sysrems can be most economically applied ro replace inefflciently used electric power for low- and medium-heat needs. Who knows? We may even find that the wind-turbines many of us would like to see off-shore or turning slowly like large flowers on the Colum.bia. Gorge's cliff edges and hills rn"! b., rarjonally rf n-ot aesrherically or symbolically, unnecessary. Sigh. Yet, even with 9O% of our electric power alieady" based on renewable hydro-power, it seems we still need comforting reports such as you'll find on these pages ro kick us in the - rear, ge r us off the dime and moving toward the only longterm solution that can maintain reliable, low-cost energy supplies'.a complete switch to the inexhaustible energi-es of sun, wind and biomass. This NRDC'.conservarion + r-enewable energy" furure forecast is rhe first step in that direction and totally consistent with the new administration's avowed energy policy. - Let's hope the top{evel, mercenary bureaucrars at BpA, who switch chameieon-like from .,conservation's a drop in the bucket" to "conservation's our best hope" at the change of a president, are speedily re.moved by And'rus-Schlesinger:Carter. Real conservation initiatives, suctr as rhose outlined in this scenario, must be directed by new people who, if still of the technocraric ilk, wili at least hew to thi new federal conven_ tional wisdom on energy. Or all of us in this watershed will be up the Columbia without a rarionai energy paddle . . . drifting amidst a river of nuclear and coal plants.- (Highly recommended, especiaily if you live in Oregon, Wash.ington, Idaho and Monrana. Somewhat technicallyet worth plowing through, if only to know rhat a more arrracrive energy policy can be seriously considered.) lyergt: Tbe.Solar Prospect (Worldwatch paper II), by Denis Hayes, March 1977, 79 pp., $2.00 postpaid lrom, Worldwatch Institute 1776 Massachusetts Ave., N.W. Washington, DC 20036 Get this fine piece of work to puil out of your hip pocket and put slo,w learners (utility executives, public utility commissioners and "big is beauriful" engineers) onto the opportunities excitingly before all of us' "The attractions of sunlight, wind, running water and green plants as energy sources are self-evidint. Had industrial civilization been built upon such forms of :ner.gl 'income' instead of on the energy stored in fossil fuels, any proposal to convert toloal or uranium for the world's future energy would doubtless be viewed with incredulous horror. The current prospecr, however, is the reverse-a shift from trouble-ridden sources to more attractive ones. Of the possible worlds

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thloto -c U o F q o. o a. o. X d U E o tt A (, >1. LP Ft -l;.d+! p; .., \ il P-' choices are narrowing rapidly. "Within a cenrury or so, fossil fuels will be a declining or nearly expended resource. Everything we examined * in the course of this.study suggests " gr."t uncertainty about what we do after the foisil fueli run out. Unless some totally new rechnology appears of which at present we have no idea, there are essentialiy two choices. One is an energy furure dominated by the nuclear breeder and/or nuclear fusion, with solar energy.playing a secondary though importanr role. The other is a future in which society has rejected dependence on nuclear energy and has opted instead for primary dependence on solar energy with a stabilized level of energy use far less than presently projected levels. There are no other optio;s. "lt is vitally important rhat the narion's energy policy not turn our to have been like the judgment olthe man who, having fallen from a tenih-floor window was heard to say as he plunged pasr the second floor, "I'm in good shape so far." It is possible to insure against thar cvenruality by encouraging the growing use of solar energy and supporting -eisureito use energy more judiciously. It would appear that the nation has the resilience to navigate-gracefully this new course." _- If the solar laggards don'r come around after reading Denis Hayes, try this government-funded scenario-ing on 'eml (Suggested by Bill Rice, ERDA) Enair^onmentaily A?proprilte Tecbnologr : Renewable Energr an d^O t b e r D e u e I o p in g Te-c b n o I o gi e s fo rV C o n s e ra er S o ci e ty* i1 Canada, by Bruce McCallum, April t922,160 pp., $3.2i in Canada, $4 other countries, ask foi CatalogNo. En. IO2-l/lS (rsBN 0-660-0too3-8): Publishing Centre Supply & Services Canada 270 Albert St. Ottawa, KIA OS9, Canada 'I'here's a little trick of the trade we use sometimes here at RAIN to help us sift the New Age wheat from industrial era chaff. We take a project.reporr, i publication or a proposal, turn to so-me parr of it that we,re likely to really know a Iot about and simply check out that partiiular irem or area for accuracy, com.prehensiveness and whatever else is important. Like whether it has a smallness, decentralisr or local self_ reliance orientation, or whether it's just more of that gov't_ corporate-academic shuck_'n jive thai basically enslavei people rather than empowering them. So me, I turn ro rhe wind energy section of E.A.T. Not o4y -tl it up-to-date, mentioning tlhe 2MW Tvind machine now a-building in Denmark (can a cc.mmunity college beat out the technocrars at NASA-ERDA? What's this worli coming to?), but Bruce also reaches the same conclusions in his covJ.age of the 200kw Gedser that I did in ',Wise Wind: Designing foi Jobs" (April '77 RAIN). He srares "they could Ue Uuiit almosr entirely by craftsmen, as opposed ro high rechnology engineer_ ing firms. About 80% of the cost of the]r machines was ior labor." 7O-75% was what I got. But this book covers solar, hydro, biomass-wood energies, Ir y.ll .t housing, industry, agricukure and transportari;, and all very comprehensively. It,s a bargain at $4, even witirout 1fy lllfour pages explaining how alt tlis .nui.onrn.n,-energy_ a.t. stutf came about-how those of us hanging out here got "' here from somewhere. Excellent philosophical and technical perspecrive. Highly re-commended, especially for Americans in the northern'rie; ol states-Washington, Montana, Minnesota, New york, Massachusetts, Maine-whose situations are similar to those of southern Canadians. The latter will find this book a moneysaving intro to their own solar transition. Good work, Bruce, and take a big, deep breath for me on those prince Edward Island meadows. -Lee Johnson

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tival sponsored by the Northwest Film Study Center and the Movie House here in Portland we saw and loved these, Harlan County, USA, from: Cinema 5 595 Madison Ave. New York, NY 10002 2t2/427-5555 This film has got to be one of the most powerful I've ever seen. Filmmaker Barbara Hubbard spent three years living with the coal miners of Kentucky, documenting their lives and their yearlong strike. The audience weeps ai the shooting death by thugs of a yo.,.,g striker and warches the agony of fimilies waiting to hear about the fate of those in a mine accident. And we cheer (',vith our hearts in our throats) when the women strong and powerful in their rightness stand up to the county sheriff and heckle the thugs (who have machine-gunned them the night before). Hubbard is right rhere at one poinr getting beat up-and her loving portrayal-of thr;se people is the strongest point of the film. You watch them igonize over the problems of getting people at the 5 a.m. picket lines and you watch them grow confident and organized (especially the women) as they begin to get national attention. They win that strike only to have the new contract signed a year or so later by the UMW leaders prohibit their right to strike. So the struggle continues. Hubbard went $60,000 into debt ro make the film (even though she had lots of grant money). No one expected it to be viewed, but last week it won an Oscar. Pbantom India, fromz New Yorker Films 43 West 6lst New York, NY 10023 212/247-61rc lhis film is in 7 or 8 parts for a total of 7 hours don't see it all at once. .lhe order of the parts doesn't matter as we follow a crew of French filmmakers into their exploration of India-into the various climates and religions, up into the mountain tribes and "*o.,g the politicians. It's beautiful-even when appalling. you drift with them, through a barrage of images and sound, woven together by Director Louis Malle's comments. May I97Z RAIN page 11 swollen snow-melt streams, down the sides of glaciers. The story is told through rhe eyes of the ciriel-an incongruous fellow with a wrist watch and modern undershorts whose own fami)y goes rhc Iong way around by car. A fine glimpse of rhc challenges that shape , strengrhen, limit and ivear down a society. -LdeM Wbere Did tbe Colorado Go? 3-day rental $60 from, Time-Life Multimedia ^\ 100 Eisenhower Drive S Paramus, NJ 07652 * A well-filmed analysis of the mismanagc_ i me nt of the watcr in thc Colorado Riv-er. o Water flow of the rive r was overestimated !- becau.se thc years it was me asured hap- { pened ro be thc highest rainfall years of the ccntury. Eviporarion of warer from reservoirs and absorption into permeable rock strata are shown to cause a net loss of water and power from the Glen Canyon Dam -we'd benefit from dentolisbing the dam! Salinization of irrigation water, water feuds with Mexico resulting in nuclearpowered desalinization plants and general overcommitment of the river's water are shown to be among the results. An excellenr film and i good lesson for other river basins bJnt on overexploiting their resources. -TB People of tbe Wind, fuom, Carolyn Films 8856 Appian Way Los Angeles, CA 90046 213 /654-4932 Every year the Bakhtiari tribe in Iran makes a migration from its low winter pastures to its summer ones high in the. mountains. Goats, .o*., rli..p, and whole families make the trek^twice a year. Chickens are strapped to the donkeys. Children ."rry'.ilu", or babv brothers up over huge boulderr, r.rus STILL YOU ,6REEDY.WANT \ TO WAsTE OUR TITV\E.MONEY, AND ENERGY BUILDING THESE OANGEROUS PLANTs, THESE OANGEROUS PLAN' THAT WILL RUN OUT OF FU€L AND BE OB5OLETE AY THE YEAR AOOO... ABOUT rHiS f.' BUT CANiT YOU SEE?/ IF TAE PEOPLE GET INVOLVEO Wrrr.r DEC-IDING ABOUT NUCLEAR POWER iT WILL CAUSE DELAYS THA]T IT WILL THA] WILL CO .I. ME MILLIONS OF DOLLr\q5 ! .- AND tHE COUNTRIES WHO GO NUCLEAR. INCREASE THE. CHANCES FOR / ATOMIC. WAF.i I INOIA T.{A5 .ALREADY EXpLoDED. AN Ai-orv EIOMB BUILT FRO^A HER.'PEACEFLIL'' NUCLEAR PO\A/FR.. , NUCLEAR POWER, PROGRAM. BUT IT'5 THE PEOPLE . Y{to PAY THE B|LL5. IJSE,THE ELECTRICITY" AND SUFFER THE RI5K5' THEYTVE GOT rHE {ESPON9IBILITY RESPON9IBILIT TO GET INVOLVED IN .THE DEctsloN.

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I I l1---__-eo,, & 2!-- Fmt : ri. ;' [i:'-!*: i:i:7.8TMay 1977 RAIN page 13 WH€EL ftdB SrDe otr wx a7" / I It7" I ,? %oc 9pE VrEw wooD EQAC€ 2o^,/" 9""'.7 \ /\ b*,. !ik" : L"/ \ f, \ tnhee, I I e"x1" {Rawretns,D€ Bol I I Papers from the Oct. '76 Consumer Conference on Solar Energy Development, free price list from, N.M. Solar Energy Assoc. Box 2OO4 Santa Fe, NM 87501 27 papers, priced from 12d to $1.32, given by some of the nation's leading lights in solar energy' Anderson, Baer, Balcomb, Bliss, Bridgers, Cook, Halacy, Hay and Yellott. Also available for $1 are the Complete Proceedings of tbe NMSEA Sbort Course on Solar Energlt. NMSEA also answers solar questions and has an excellent newsletter. Pbotouoltaics, Paper No. 2, by Pietro Widmer, March 1977, 12 pp., SOd postpaid from: Solar Energy Sociery of Canada British Columbia Chapter 1271 Howe St. Vancouver, BC V6Z lR3 CANADA A good clear intro and useful technical companion to David Morris' "The Dawning of Solar Cells" (92 from Inst. for Local Self-Reliance, 1717-18th St., N.W., Washington, DC 20009). Very well illustrated. See also pp. 22-23, June'76 RAIN. (Courtesy Chris Mattock) Solar Energy Intelligence Report, ed. by Allan L. Frank, 8 pp. weekly, $90/ yr. from: s.E.r.R. Box lO67 Silver Spring, MD 20910 Best coverage of Washington, DC, solar legislative scene and renewable energy activities, contracts, reports of federal agencies (ERDA, FEA, NASA, HUD, DoD, HEW, etc.), this former bi-weekly costing $3.46 per issue now costs $1.73 ueekly for the same price. Still expensive but now worth it, usually including solar business and technology news, new publications and a very comprehensive calendar. Recommended for state energy offices, city energy planners and other policymakers. Architects, engineers and contractors should stick with Solar Utilization Neos ( g8 individual, $ 1 5 institutional, from Alternate Energy Institute, Box 3100, Estes park, CO 80517), which is still the best bargain in national solar stuff and bound to become even more on top of solar news with the location of the Solar Energy Research Institute in Golden, Colorado -nicely named town for solar R&D, dontcha think? Solar Energj/, ed. by H. Messel and S.T. Butler, 197 5, 34O pp., available from, Pergamon Press, Inc. Maxwell House, Fairview Park Elmsford, NY 10523 Interesting collection of lecture-papers by long-time Australian solar researchers, useful mainly for getting a southern hemisphere perspective on how solar energy fits into the energy crisis. Lee Johnson

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