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April 1977 RAIN Page 3 RAIN is a monrhly information access journal and reference service for people developing more satisfying patterns that incriase local self-reliance and press less heavily on our limited resources. We try to give access to: x Solid technical support for evaluating and implementing new ideas. * Ecological and. pbilosopbical perceptions that can help create more satisfying options for living, working and playing. + Up-to-date information on people, events and publications. $7O0 and $7,000'respectively, as opposed to $2,500 to $40,OOO for previous equipment. (TB) (Suggested by Morgan Campbell) A Wood Stoae Buyer's Guide, Albie Barde n, 197 7 , $3 .50 retail, $2 wholesale, fromt Northeast Carry 110 Water Street Hallowell, ME 04347 A handsome 2'x3' poster that brings together in one place the now bewildering assortment of imported pnd 1oca1ly made wood stoves so you can comPare them and their vital statistics, costs and features. The reverse side contains a comparative discussion of different stoves. The discussion of operating principles of different stoves isn't as useful as Jay Shelton's fine analysis (no one else seems to mention that a stovepipe damper is as useful as an airtight stove or that burning efficiency isn't as important as combined efficiency of burning and heat transfer), but contains useful information. (TB) Spectralite Fluorescent Lighting Fixtures Garcy Lighting 1822 N. Spaulding Avenue Chicago, lL 60647 For people interested in the full spectrum iighting'advocated by Dr. John Ottin Health and Light, the fluorescent fixtures are finaily being produced by Garcy Lighting. Not cheap-$100-$170 for 1'x4' or 2'x4' fixtures without lamps, and will not be available with D.C. stabilizers for another year. Other full-spectrum products now available include' Ultraviolet transmitting eyeglass lenses are available from, Armorlite Lens Co. 130 N. Bingham San Marcos, CA 92069 Ultraviolet transmitting contact lenses are available from, Wesley Jessen, Inc. P.O. Box 6368 Chicago, IL 60680 And two companies produce ultraviolettransmitting window plastic, Rohm and Hass Co. Independence Mall West Philadelphia, PA 19105 (UVT Plexiglass) and American Cyanamid Co. Berdan Ave. Wayne, NJ 07470 (UVT Acrylite) A.T. Information Needed in Ntirnberg, Germany. If you have something useful to share, send it to: Tina, Otto U. Gisbert EICHENMULE Giigelmann/Otterbach/Eyb Rieterstrasse 5, D-8500 Niirnberg, Germany According to a letter rece ived from this group, there is very little information about old and new alternative techniques in Germany. They would appreciate help in building up an organized library covering small-scale waterpower, restoring old houses, building rvith recycled materials, renewable energy systems, biodynamic agriculture, farming with animals, community craft industry and soiar greenhouses. They are planning, as a first steP, a renewable energy conference and exhibition and would appreciate help from anyone with experience in these areas visiting Germany in 1977 , trading room (and board?) in exchange. RAIN has sent the 12 A.T. sourcelists. Can you help? (r-J) New A.T. Job of the Month: Chimney Sweeps Eva Horton of Kristia Associates, Box 1118, Portland, ME 04104, the U.S. importer of Jdtul woodstoves, is acting as a clearinghousc for developing a chimney sweeps guild for professional chimney sweeps in the U.S. to help reduce the $19 million damage from the more than 41,000 chimney fires in thc U.S. last year. Oslo, Norway, has 28 chimney sweeps, paid by the government, that clean 46,000 chimneys twice a year. As a result, Oslo has only 1/10 the chimney fires reported in Boston, Mass. (TB) r
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L Harnessing the Eartbworn, Thomas Barrerr, 1959, $2.95 from, Wedgewood Press Box 68, Back Bay Annex Boston, MA 02117 My favorite earthworm book. Very visionary and very well written. This man was talking about saving the planet through the action of earthworms in the 1940s. Also an excellent chapter, "My Grandfather's Worm Farm," about how worms were used in 19th century Ohio. This technique can and will work now. Earthworms for Ecologt and Profit, Vol. I and II, R.E. Gaddie, Sr. and Donald Douglas, $4.95 each from' Bookworm Publishing Co. l2O7 S. Palmetto Ontario, CA9l761 Vol. I is a gtezt book and very necessary for anyone interested in real production of worms. Vol. II hasn't been released yet but is going to be about using earthworms for land restorarion, large scale waste management and farming. Profitable Eartbworm Farrning, $2.50 frorn, Charlie Morgan Box 116 Bushnell, FL 33513 Charlie is one of the classic entrepreneur/worm rancher/ writers. Write to him for all kinds of interesting free information. Raising Earthworms for Profit,Earl B. Shields, $2.50 from, Shields Publications Box 472-C Elgin, IL 60120 Earl is another old timer who really knows how to raisc worms and write about them. Oaer 300 Questions and Answers on Raising Worms, from, Hugh Carter Carter Worm Farm Dept. 6 Plains, GA Hugh is Jimmy's cousin and has one of the largest ranches. I'll bet they feed them peanut shells! Sensible Questions and Answers about tbe Earthuorm Business, $1.25, and Eartbudrm Harztester Plans and Instructions, $3.28,fromt Eco-Enterprises Rt. 6, Box 755 Sequim, WA 95382 "The harvester can pick and pack up to 2O0,0OO worms in 1 day and 1 man operating it. No hard work either." Aprll I977 RAIN Page 5 The Biology .of Eartbworms, C.A. Edwards and J.R. Lofty, 1972, $8.95,fuomt Halsted Press 605 Third Ave. New York, NY 10016. The Cballenge of Earthworm Research, Robert Rodale, 196t, Rodale Press. Out of print-look for it in the library. "Earthworms, though in appearance a small and despicable link in the chain of Nature, yet, if lost, would make a lamentable chasm . . worms seem to be the great promoters of vegetation which would proceed but lamely without them." -Gilbert While of Sclbourne, 1770 Earthworm Eating Ronald Gaddie doesn'r squirm a bit when he hears the adage "You are what you eat." Gaddie eats worms-lots of them. In fact, he's made a business of it. - "Try'em, you'll like them," he said in a telephone inrerview froin Centralia, Wash., where he's teaching claises at pacific Northwest Bait and Ecology. Gaddie is president of North American Bait Farms, Inc., Ontario, Calif. For the second straight year, the company is sponsoring a nationwide worm recipe contest. Last year's winncr was Earthworm Applesauce Surprise Cake. Worms "taste like shredded whear," said Gaddie. "l like them best in oatmeal cookies, but I've eaten them with rice, sprinkled on top of salads rather than bacon bits, with scrambled eggs and with sreak and gravy." Besides their nutritional value , Gaddie says worms are an important asset in fighting pollution. "They are the only animal I know of that you take the third worst pollution problem in the world, solid waste, and feed it to them," he said. Gaddie says eating earthworms is strictly a case of "minfl over matter. " "People in this country are reluctanr to rry them, but people in other countries, especially in Asia, eat them." Gaddie, who has written a two-volume set of books called "Earthworms for Ecology and Profit," says the annual sales of his company will be almost $1 million this year. Ihe firm distributes worms and related products. -From Sztnday Oregonian, March 2O,1977
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r April1977 RAIN I Large Corporations and City Taxes in Idabo,Report No. 1 of a series entitled "Who Rules ldaho," 5OC each, $5 for the series, fromt Idaho Study Group Box 8482 Moscow, ID 83843 An excellent and concise four-page white paper outlining tax avoidance strategies used by industrial plants in almost every state and, more importantly, sensible strategies for control. Proposals include increased payments for services to such industries, annexation, redistribution of state educational funds and state laws allowing revenue compensation to districts impacted by outside industries-similar to Minnesota's law. A useful series for supporting local initiatives if succeeding papers are as good as this one. (TB) Tbe Formula Book and Tbe Formula Book II, Norman Stark, 197 5, 197 6, $5.95 each from' Sheed, Andrews & McMeel 6700 Squibb Road Mission, KS 66202 We've grown so accustomed to buying highly merchandised products that we often don't realize that most household chemical products-from soap to drain opener to electric pre-shave lotions to glass spray cleaner to toothpaste-can be made simply and much more cheaply at home or as a neighborhood busineis. The Fnrmula.Boofts help take the mystery out of do-it-yourself proctor and Gambling and provide simple, easy-tofollow instructions for making several hundred household products. The second volume is particularly skimpy and fuil of wtrite space for the price, and I have a hunch you might ger a better bargain if you can find a copy of Stark's earlier textbook, Tbe Formula Manual (we couldn't). People being rvhat they are, this valuable approich needs to be taken a couple of steps further-a book that lists the formulae for Ivory or Dial soap, Breck shampoo or Johnson's baby oil so people don't think the formulae are for some inferior "homemade " stuff. Secondly, a listing of relative costs for homemade, generic and brand-name production of the same product would be an eye opener. An important and useful beginning, and an excellent resource book for beginning neighborhood industries. If you have a used bookstore around, you might also look for Tbe War-Time Guide Boik put our by Popular Science Montbly and Grosset and Dunlap in 1942. David Morris recommended it to us, and it contains a weaith of formulae for home products.,(TB) Good Health The good people down at the Briarpatch Network in San Francisco have put together an excellent shared Health Insurance Plan for Briarpatch businesses in the Bay Area. The plan provides life, medical and dentai insurance, including coverage of wholistic approaches to health such as acupuncture, iridology, homeopathy, biofeedback and chiropractic treatment. For more information on the plan, write to Briarpatch Review, 330 Ellis Street, San Francisco, cA 94102. (TB) The Inaisible Hand: Questionable Corporate Pay ments Oaerseas, Gordon Adams and Sherri Zann Rosenthal Council on Economic Priorities. 84 Fifth Avenue New York, NY 10011 This shouid go on your shelf next to Global Reach, Phantom Taxes in your Utilities Bill, and Size, Efficiency and C ommunity Enterprise. Documents self-admitted questionable overseas payments and outright bribes by American companies. Read, if you have any doubt that excessive economic power leads to political abuses. (TB) $I"0 Reward for Demand Heater Information Demand heaters, flash heaters, or ascors used to be easily available in this country. They hear water right when and where you use it rather than storing it in a large tank where it can lose the heat. I remember lighting thein in European pensions before taking a shower. They're also used in Japanese baths to keep the warer in the bath as hot as you want. (l also remember someone leaving one on all night and walking into the bath in the morning to discover the tub merrily boiling away!) Demand heaters are real useful with solar water heating because you can use solar heat to warm the water in your existing hot water tank as hot as it can, then have the water go through a dem heater to give it a final boost to desired temperatures when enough solar heat isn't available. We'll give a $10 reward ro whomever can find us the best information on available electric, gas or wood fueled demand heaters or designs for do-ityourself heaters by May 15,1977, and wiil pass on the information in RAIN. We're interested in everything from automatic, thermostatic-controlled designs to ones where you throw in the wood and light it! Some that we know of now' Instant-Flow Water Heaters (automaric, eiectric, non-thermostatic), Ascots (British, gas, apparently no longer imported), Blazing Showers (wood stovepipe water heaters), Paloma (gas, thermostatic, semi-automatic). Tell us more ! (TB)
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L977 RAIN page 9 Effective rpater conser\ation m€asures at Fdrallones reduce y.or1, Tt per pe-rson by.almost 9O percent, resulting in less u.aste.Itow Jor 35 people than tbat produced by o ionrrn_ :?f:.,-:1!r!b"n Jamily. A by-product is tbe coicentmtion of pouutants ,n greyuater and tbe need to deaelop reclamatioi systems for concentrated. uasteznater. Tbe folllwing account of Farallones efforts to d,eaelop suctt nrigiiiiilooa-sized t!-:t-:T,i: excerpted frorn tbe 1977 Farfrlones Report (g2 Irom Ibe l.'arallones Institute, 15290 Coleman Villey Road, Occidental, CA 95465)..The report contains reports on oarious c,urrent projects, including a 1OO percent solar'heated greenbouse,.a compa_rison stud'y on thiee solarci,orilnroref ,ou,inr, an update on tbe Farallo.nes compost prioiies, a comparison t"!:!"y ?[r:lk,cins grass tawns wiih att'atfa and iabbii produc_ Lton ancl mucb more. i I t '1|l NO DROUGHTABOUT IT reusrng wastewater at Farallones Or.rr preiiminary assessment of greywater was somewhat naive. (Greywater rs defined as household waste water from sinks, !ullry, shower and bath; it does not incluje dir.h;;g;-i;;rn flushing a_toilet.) Ir was assumed that eliminating toiGt - ---- flushings from the wasre srream would reduce the level of contamination, and the remaining waste water would be easier and safer ro deal with. Thiiviewpoint ls fort.r.J Uy practically.every proponent of the waterless toilet, and so it was a rela^riv^ely easy trap for us all to fall into. efi.r a y.a.- and, a half of working with greywater, we realize that the proolem rs much more complex and will require a longer term investigative effort. . It is hard to generalize on the characteristics of greywater, because th.ey. depend so much on individual f".torrl iif. .tyt., water use habits and environmental consciousness level. Each area of the house gcnerates a waste water with different ool_ tutants. The kitchen sink produces rhe mosr heavily pottrlteA water., containing detergenrs, grease, oils and food pirticler The shower water contiins a riinimal amount of srispendeJ matrer but is most contaminated biologically with trace amounrs of fecal mater porenrially har6oring pathogenic organisms. Our initial studies have concentrated on the development of a cost-effectivt:, small scale wastewater management system *:p,l:9 ,".rlf se.$reywater for agriculturat p'urposes. The probproblems of di.;tribution, irrigation and filtrition have been the focus of our eftorrs. Furure itudies dealing *i,f, ,n. biolosical and chemical makeup of greywater and rh"e effects .;;;J";;; ptant growrh are being developed. Irrigation -Distribution When the Rural Center started in the summer of 1975 our first thought in this dry part of California was ro ger rhe wasre water tothe garden for reuse. We tried to develop"a ryrr.* --- with a minimum amount of physical treatment, maintenance and energy input. We had no established criteria for sizing the treatment units, so our approach was empirical. a syiem using 50 gallon drums was decided upon b.cause rhe drums ' 1e ;.fcan, warerrighr.and a readily available salvage ."__oaity. I heorerrcally, various size waste flows could b"e handled by adding or deleting drum units ro a sysrem, in parallel or -Max Kroschel in series as needed. Semi rigid black plastic tubing purchased in quantity on sale 'ras ur.i exclusively for cond"ucring greywater. It is joined by clamps and friction fittings "nd ii Jasy to work with, as it requires nb special tools or skills. . . 9rr first system was a straight line from the house and kitchen to 50-gallon drums in ihe garden, where we distributed it by hand using five-gallon cans. Tiis labor intensive and time consuming metho-d also proved to be aesthetically un_ pleasant. After a month or so accumulate d grease and settled food particles in the drums wenr septic (anierobic) and we gained a better appreciation for gr.y,r"t.. and its nearest relative, raw sewage. . .Geography worked against us in the development of our next irrigation system. The kitchen is situated below most of the garden. Only a small flat patch can be reached by gravity flow; and that only !f a 1r11ma]ly sloped pip. ini't lring, ihe ),,!/arer to the garden with little or no veloiity or pressure. We decided to cultivate and.irrigate a forage crop onthe parch 11.S-rra;n accessible by gravity- ilow and irivestigate the pbssi_ ?jll:t :, a windmill ro pyTp rhe warer to sto.ag. at a higher elevarion so thar it could be used more extensivlly in rh! garden. Because of the septic narure of the greywiter, the irrigation system needed io be subsurfr.". d..fo."t. d 3/4,, black plastic tubing was. placed under a heavy mulch layer on top gf 1n intensively. culiivated bed. Grease and suspenied sohds clogged rhe rubes and they had to be flushed out period_ ically with hot water-a.time-consuming and wastefut proceaure . Conventional leach fields u.se Iarge diameter perforated pipe in a gravel-filled rrench. An adaptation of this idea was triei' alongside of a permanent bed oi asparagus. To take advantage of on-hand materials we used " triang.rl"", redwood culvert consrructed of scrap boards in a gravil-lined trench 6,, wide and 1.0" deep and covered with s-od. Because of the minimal velocity of the grey warer reaching the culvert, distribution of the water was rot very eve n along"the bed. However, some water did reach the end, and this'system is currently in use, In the summer of 1976 a settling tank was added to remove most suspended and floating solids. To utilize this less con_ ::::':::q1.,", an irrigation.ling..of t,' perforated tubing sur_ rounded by-pea gravel irt a 4,'x4,, trench was installed "iong " permanent forage ciop bed. If this type of distribution ,urr?rn
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April 1977 RAIN Page 11 Experiments at the Farallones (Jrban House indicate tbat Wasteuater treatment for a single family can be mucb simpler Tbe following are excerpts from a four-page Gtey Water Fact Sheetprepared by Tom Jaaits and I'om Fricke and aaailable for $1 from tbe Farallones Integral (Jrban House, 1516 Fiftb Street, Berkeley, CA 94210. How much grey water can be used in an urban garden? Use only as much grey water in your garden as is required for reasonable irrigation; scale your waste water recycling effort to suit your garden water requirement. A good, safe ru1e is that a square foot of loamy garden soil, rich in organic matrer, is capable of handling one-half gallon of grey water per week. Sandy, well-drained soils will accommodate more warer; clayey, poorly-drained soils less. If your garden area suitable for grey water application is 500 square feet, then up to 250 gallons of waste water may be discharged each week. This rate might be greater during the summer months when surface evaporation and plant transpiration is considerable and less during the winter, when evapotranspiration is minimal. Frequently check soil moisture ro determine precise application rates for your garden. Follow these suggestions for sound waste water application: 1. Apply the grey water to flat garden areas; avoid slopes where runoff might be a problem. 2. Use the waste water on mature vegetation or well established vegetable plants rather rhan young plants and seedlings. 3. Minimize waste water application to acidJoving plants such as rhododendrons and citrus since waste water is alkaline. 4. To the extent possible, disperse the grey water application over a large garden area. 5. When available use fresh water for garden irrigation on a rotating basis with grey water to help cleanse the soil of sodium salts. 6. Apply thick compost mulches to areas receiving grey water to improve natural decomposition of waste residues. What about soaps and detergents? Are they harmful to the soil and plants? As a general rule, soaps are less harmful than detergents, but either presents potential problems over periods of sustained use of grey u,ater containing them. The common problem of soaps and derergents is that they both contain sodium, an element whicrr in excessive amounts is harmful to soils (de, stroys soil aggregation) as well as to plants (induces tissue burn). The best strategy is to minimize rhe usc of cleaning materials, and wherever possible choose soaps rather than detergents. Gentle soaps, such as soap flakes, are preferred to those heavily laden with lanolin, perfumes and other chemicals. Where detergents must be used, select those which do not advertise their "softening powers" (softeners are rich in sodium-based compounds). If you plan on reusing washing machine water, bleach should be minimized or eliminated, and boron-based (Borax) detergents absolutely avoided. Phosphates in detergents are not as great a problem in soil application as they are in sewage discharge inro water bodies; nevcrtheless, low phosphate detergents are prefe rable. Ammonia is acceptable in reasonable amounts. USINGGREYWATER IN YOURGARDEN How should the grey water be applied to the garden? Apply the waste water directly to the soil; do not overhead sprinkle or allow the waste water to conract the above-ground portion of food plants. Waste water is best conveyed tothe garden by a standard 3/4-inch garden hose. A central hose may feed several laterai short hoses by way of a "y" junction such that the waste water is distributed evenly over larger areas of soil. The lateral arms should be rotated around the garden frequently to reduce the possibility of localized flooding or excessive residue buildup. At the end of each hose lateral, artach (by hose clamp) a cloth bag (cotton or canvas), to intercept particulates and soap residues conveyed in the grey water. The bag will allow for dispersed water outflow while trapping undesirable materials. The bag should be removed periodically, washed, turned inside out and allowed to sun-dry, and re-used. Must any precautions be taken to protect against damage to the soil from sustained use of grey water? Over extende d periods of grey water application, sodium may build-up in the soil resulting in poor soil drainage and potential damage to plant tissue. High levels of sodium may be detected by conducting a pH test of the soil using litmus paper (obtained from a pharmacy or nursery). If the pH reading exceeds 7.5, the soil has become overloaded with sodium. Correct the problem by spreading gypsum (calcium sulfate) over the soil at a rate of 2 pounds per 100 sq. ft. per month. Continue treatment until the soil pH drops to 7.0. As a precaution against furthe r sodium buildup, gypsum may be applied to the soil at a rate of 3 pounds per mo.ntb for every 50 gallons per day discharge ro rhe area being watered. Normal dilution of waste water by rainfall and/or fresh water irrigation will help to cleanse the soil of the sodium. When available use fresh wate r for garden irrigation on a rotating basis with grey water Is there any danger of pathogen transmittal by using grey water in the garden? Waste water from the shower, bath tub and washing machine can conceivably contain human pathogens (disease-causing organisms). However, when the grey warer is discharged to the soil, potentially harmful viruses and bacteria are quickly destroyed by the abundant soil organisms better suited to the soil environment. Also, if the pathogens were to survive, it is unlikely that they would be assimilated by the plant roots and translocated to the edible portion. Nevertheless, if you are particularly suspicious of the sanitary quality of your grey water, do not apply it to root crops which are eaten uncooked, or perhaps only to soil in which ornamental plants are maintained.
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