RAIN Journal of Appropriate Technology FEBRUARY/MAR CH 1977 VOLUME III, NO. 5 ONE DOLLAR INSIDE:." Excerptsfrom RAINBOOK
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Feb/Mar 7977 RAIN page 3 RAINBOOK: Resources for Appropriate Technology All in one place- 256 pagesof the finest resources for appropriate technology-we've been able to pull together over the last 2-7/2 years. The best of RAIN, plus at least as much new material-everything from composr toilets to solar greenhouses to community economics, municipal utilities, land trusts, health self-care, maps, communitf radio stations ind natural pest control. Fully indexed for easy access. R.AINBOOK will be available in booksrores or from Schocken Books in May, but we expect to have copies available for RAIN readers about April 1. Single copies can be ordered from us for $7.95 (see order blank on page 23). Booksrores should order from Schocken Books, 200 Madison Avenue., New york, NY 10016 Many of the following pages contain excerpts from the -- - --r RAINBOOK that you haven't seen before. Enjoy. - -LdeM t3 WANTED: Alternative Energy Activists for the New Western Energy Show. If interested, send resume to: David Nimick, Co-Director New Western Energy Show 435 Stapleton Bld;: Billings, MT 59101 The New Western Energy Show is planning its second summer traveling eitrlvaganza through eight Montana towns and is looking for people to join the troupe. In particular, we need one technical person with experience in design and construction of renewable energy systems, public speaking, general carpentry, plumbing and electricity. We also a1e looking for several theater people who can act, dance, sing or jrggl., plus play an instrument or two. Using theatrical productions, tech- . nical displays and presentations and a little bit of magic, the show atremprs to inform people about renewable energy (sun, wind, bio-gas, wogd, water, bonservation, recycling and alternative farming). All troupe members use their particular talents where they can in the show but share'other duties such as cooking and cleaping, answering questions at the information booth,-deciding show policy and program, erc. All troupe members will join us by June 1 for a month of preparations before oui tour during July and Augrist. Pay will be $750, including room and board for the summer. rapher whose scnsationel photcls of fcrus dcvelopmenr appearc d in Lil'e in the l96Os. Not your norrrral pictures these, but photographs of clouds in thc sl<y as secn from insicle the eye, the parlr takcn by smoke being suckcd into the lungs, synapses in t,he brain, fallopian tubes and mystically lraunting photos of I'ctuses. 'l"hey make clc-ar the incredible bcauty of our bodies. You won't feel the same about yourself once you've seen this. Pbotograpbic Anttdnry of tbe llumtta Body, by C. Yokochi, tgz t, $I4.50 from: Univer:sity Park Press Cham[er of' Comnrercc Bldg. Baltimore, ML Zl2Oz If you'rc curious and nr:t [o() qucasy, this will providc fascinating c,riight.:nnlent about how everyrhing g()es together inside us. Photos of cutaway sectinns thror"rgh conrplete torsos, a liody from which the skin is rcrnoved showing how all rhc niusclcs go togerher. Evcry rnajor organ and systenr irr rhc body' is sfuown irr borh cxr(rior and irttcrior dcrail. ENERGY Tbe Accident Harards of Nuclear Pouer Plants, Richard E. Webb, 197 6, 2ZB pp;, $6.95 from' University of Massachusetts Press . Amherst, MA Of OOZ Amazing. Now I know that WPA means "worst possible accident," none of which AEC-ERDA have included in their list of DBA's("design basis accidents") used in planning reacror safery, that "power excursion accident" probabilities have never been verified in a large core, and that there have been 14 accidents and near-accidents in the world's nuclear reactors. An excellent primer to what starts nuclear accidenrs, keeps 'em going and stops them; the gaps in the Rasrnussen Reporr; and an intro to the jargon of LOCA, SCRAM and PCMA Energt & How to Conseroe ft, Ken Cooper, Oct.1976,17 pp., $1.00 from, Canadian Self-Help Housing Association P.O. Box 4134 Vancouver, Canada V6C lzg We've told you abour lots of home energy conservation resources, so this is mainly for all you enrhusiastic fa: natics who want to keep up with the latest, neatest stuff and have a copy despite the obvious redundancy. Think of all you've read in 20 different places; this item distills it to 17 lean pages chockful of nitty-gritty numbers and hints. Your eyes will work following the tighq, singl'e-spaced typing but will be rewarded with three curtain and shutter designs for windows, economic analyses comparing once mundane techniques now vital'to pglsonal comfort,and national survival, such as passive solar and the full range of heating systems, and the fact that you've got it dl in the palm of ygur hand.
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COMMUNICATIONS mental study system) project in santa Barbara. The project and the reporr addressthe problems of making iniormation about community planning available and undi"rttana"ut. ro the general.public. Lots of-good "making the "iiy a; system) observable" ideas. Community Issue Dialogue Northwest Regional Foundation P.O. Box 5296 Spokane, WAgg}Os NRF has received a large contracr from HUD to investigate, develop and test methJds for effectiu. r"rg-.-sJ.-.irir.n p"rticipation. It calls for the first actual use Jf " u"tioting pro- :.::r 1.,":loT9 Uy E.J. Corwin, and a version "i rii iripn mg and Mapping.Community points of View computer pro_ gram developed by peter and Trudy lohnson_Leni. Participation Systems, Inc. 43 Myrtle Terrace Winchester, MA 01g90 ln 1962 c. Harrison srevens used networking techniques to win an uplgr election as a selectman in g.ar;rd, M"rl".hur.ttr. He has. published many reports and a book ;;i;;;;;;;;i;;f" ment, information.exchange, citizen feedback ryrL_, "rra networkin.g. Tt-,.V have shJet size summaries of ,orn. for_, ot cltlzen rnvolvement and do consulting workshops and carry out citizen participation projects in few york.'- - Journal of Community Communications LGC Engineering 1807 Delaware St. ^ ..Berkeley, CA g4ZOj still jockeying for its rightful place, unsure of what comqunity communications is, but a really i-port"ni"r.", tn. place of community communication t!.nntrogy rrr,i"r, ,n.y define as many-to:T3"f t e.g. computers, vs. tht ene,to_many, e.g. broadcast media). $1O/year. participation. "{"ny citizen leaders realize that all institutional strucrures are, by definition, de-signed to screen out any information they perceive as unwanted or irrelevant so as to bltter concentrate on the purposes fo.r which they were organized-hence, their capacity -for selecting, concealing, distoiting a-nd impounding information and the resulting sh-ortcomingiof ,t,.ii pi"""i"[ and goal setting processes." * MIT Community Dialog project Prof. Thomas B. Sheridan MIT 1-108 Cambridge, MA O2t3g This project srudies the facilitation of group meetings using electronic voting aids and other pto..jur.ri r,.u"iu?,es this technique as a function of the topic, participan,, "nJ--odera- tor of ,1. g9up, Also into cable TV citizen'partlcifation. 43 peg€s' from Prof. sheridan steue Jobnson in the nation or in the world, and then- a way of ailowing alternative methods of participation in the aelisions "uoua these issues, and it will haveto be a process tn"t "it,o*i p."pr. to -- step in exactly to the degree tiat they can or want tol S; But what about in just, say, the next year o, ,o? P; More token programs until people wifl finalllsiop p"r_ ticipating. you'll lg"ti in the.newiprp.r, and see .ir. pJrrluiri.y of going to ten different workshops to involve citizeni in this or that, and give up. Once .u.ryon. burns ou,, *fi., no orr. wants to attend anymore, the bureaucracies get tired of citizen participation, in the present state of the "tt, "arrd t-h.courts say, but.you gor to do it, and then it will ali go t "fto.y ""a things will change. The bottom line, though, eventually, is a complete evolu_ tionary leap in how we govern ourselves. I ,. S; I think you've.rold me before, though, how you don,t see thar there should be some kind of gigantic ceniralized citizen participation process, that the iaiieti., ,r. i*porr*.r.. Feb/Mar t97Z RAIN page 5 This-is part of a Nopember 1976 conaersation steae and Rboda held with Peter and Trudy Johnson_Lenz. ,11f::*"ii1n--and, the New Movements for Citizen participation," Hazel Henderson, in Annars of em"iiii A"ril*iir ' Political and Social Science, March igZ4, pp. 3a-i3. An important rreatmenr of the role of information in citi ,, Pr.W. l"u.:.go! to make a large-scale social commitment for ailowlng' tacrlrtating-and supporting diversity. we still see our_ selves as separatg -and unable io *oik ,og.rh'.r. W. "..,: a. recognize our differences so we can see ihat we,re airr*.* but not separate. Like in biological sysrems which have lots of variety. They can handle a lot of information frowing through ,r,.-. But if yorr have a rigid sysrem, then armost anything will make a big d.ifference. If you have a varied, diverse ,yst.ir, then information coming in will be considere.d and tranat.J ty,;;; part of the system, while other parts, the system as a whore, wilr go on. ln cltlzen
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{lr Feb/Mar l9Z7 RAIN page Z WIND An Eaaluation of tbe Potential Enaironmental Effects of Wind Energy Systems Deo9l9 Fment (ERDnlNSrloT lig-z S t tl, available from, National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 2Tt6t The first completed.study on such questions, covering the degree that largescale wind-turbine deployment induces changes in nearby vegetation, animal habitat and climate. As most people would intuit, the report supports'rhe conclusion that windpower is benign in comparison to existing conventi6nal energy systems. Very useful to antinuclear intervenors, electric utilities doing environmentai impact statements on windmills, state energy agencies and college-level courses in envi16nmental science and engineering. "Wind Energy" by Bent Sorensen, in Bylle.tin of tbe Atomic Scientists, Sept. 1976, pp. 38-45. An excellent ihtroduction to the potential for large-scale wind-electricity,'covenng energy storage methods, the relative costs for wind- and nuclear-power, and their environmental impacts. "Fresh Breeze for Denmark's Windmills" by Don Hinrichsen and patrick C,awood, in Neu Scientistr l0 June r976, pp. 567-569. Very useful to nuclear plant intervenors as it contains a comparison by Bent Sorensen of the relative reliability (i.e. capacity factor) of a modern U.S. nuclear reactor and the existing Danish Gedser windmill with and without a 24-hour storage facility. Even that small energ'y storage makes the power availability of the windmill as good as rhat of the nuclear plant. In addition, a description of the Tvind Colleges consrruction of a 2MW, 3-bladed wind-turbine shows that the NASA-ERDA wind program, with a smaller 1.5 MW ma- 'chine scheduled for demonstration in 1979, may be beat by a Danish vocational-industrial high school and college consortium in the "big machine" sweepstakes. A Dutch Wind-powered Sawmill Converting wind motion into electricity then back to mechanical energy to run motors to pump water, saw wood, run shop tools or other industrial processes is.expensive and roundabout. Using windmills directly to provide mechani- "al power can be considerably cheaper than wind/electricity and less than grid electricity in some situations. Wateipumping windmills, grainmills, and sawmills were common in the early part of this cenrury, along with many windpoweied farm shops, and their economics-are appearing more favorable again t9day. Used to stretch electrical supplies, or used independently with cbmpressed air energy srorage or possibly flywheel srorage in the future, windT mechanical systems deserve closer examination, along with their more glamorous slste{s. Wind-Mechanical Power The Homemade Windmills of Nebraska, 1976, $3 from, Farallones Institute 15290 Coleman Vatley Rd. Occidental, CA 95465 Excellent reprint of classic survey, show- 'ing mechanical windmills pumping water, .running' direct-driven iarm' shSp equipment, grinding grain, shelling corn, sawing 1god. Community shops Jf tt. future will store energy uia compressed air tanks.to-fower aiitools during slack wind periods. Food from Windmills, Peter Fraenkel, 197 5, $8.15 surface, $10 airmail from: I.T. Publications Ltd. 9 King Street London WC2E 8HN England An excellent nuts and bolts case study of the development of low-cost, effective water-pumping irrigation windmills in Ethiopia. Economic, social and engineering factors evolved a Cretan sailwing windmill at a cosr of $700 Ethiopian that out-performed imported Dempster pumpers that cost Eth. $2,0O0 each. A fine account of various options developed and suggestions for furlher refinements. Federal power agencies [such as BpA, TVA, Bureau of ReclamationJ could meet the present cost of oil with wind energy from.turbine generators with initial production order of 40 units." The 2nd report states, "A recently completed study sponsored by ERDA shows that the full potential of the wind is far greater than previously estimated.t' These publications are vitally useful to nuclear power intervenors, those opposing utility rate hikes and energyoriented public interest and environmental groups, since they provide a solid economic basis for asking why wind energy, which can't rise in cost due to fuel price rises, is not yet being rapidly implemented by ERDA and utilities with the speed its economic costs justify. The plain fact is that the large wind-electric alternative is now cheaper than subsidized nuclear power in many areas of the nation. What's the "Effects of Initial Production euantity and Incentives on the Cost of Wind Energy" by Ugo Coty and Lou Vau$hn, Jan. 3, 1977 , and "The High Potential of Wind as an Energy Source," by Ugo Coty and Michael Dubey, May 19, !976, f.or price and availability, send a self-addressed, stamped business envelope to: Wind Energy Program Dept. 7 5-21-63A Lockheed-California Co. P.O. Box 551 Burbank, CAglS2O Ugo's technically tempered enthusiasm seems to have broadly infected the entire Lockheed wind team, as exemplified by these excellent studies, which clearly.lay out the increasingly promising wind-electric option for o"ur nation. The first reports state, "Ii is concluded that without incentives [such as the billions still being spent on nuclear powerJ and with wina iites having 7 meters/second annual average wind- :p9.d, the initial productiori quantity is 26O units to bring the cost of wind energy down to thJpresent price of orl (2.6d/kwh) for private utilities and down to l.SLlkwh for public utilities. Alternative Sources of Energy (Rt. 2, Milaca, MN 56353) is now aicepting proposals for the ASE Minigrants piogram-$200 or so for development of small alternative technology projects. Write them for details. hold-up? -Lee Johnson
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FeblMar 1977 RAIN page 9 pctlplc rvho urc just rnoder:ltely interestcd in the neqd for land reform in Americir rnd turn them into jump-upand-down, screaming, hard-core radicals. The story of the American public domain, Tbe Lands No One Knows traces the progressive loss of our common landed inheritance to the increased control of private landholders; it is a thoroughly researched account of the literal giveaway of hundreds of millions of acres to speculators and corporate interests. In the process, however, the book also portrays the tragic social patterns that have characterized the Great American Land Grab: fraud and corruption, racial exploitation and economic discrimination, and a,vyanton disregard for the needs of the land itself. It is a stark and devastating picrure of what we as a people have already lost through mismanagement, abuse and our own confusion, but its major contribution is that, by providing such a clear picture of the effects of uneven land distribution it provides the kind of stimulation that is going to be necessary if we are to save what we have left for the generations who are to succeed us. An important-and very readable-work People and Land An infrequent, but enormously worthwhile, publication, People and Land was originally published by the National Coalition for Land Reform in San Francisco. Intended as a means of distributing information and articles about land and people in America, P&L is the kind of publication that can give the American land reform movement a sense of cohesiveness. Due to a lack of financial support, the Coalition was forced to discontinue publication of. P&L, but a new issue is currently being put togerher by National Land for People in Fresno, California. Write to them for more information, or contact the Coalition for information about back issues (both addresses are listed at the end of this page.) Akwasasane Notes, suggested subscription donation $6/year, from: Roosevelt Town) NY 13633 The paper of the Mohawk nation, AN is an eloquent voice for the perspective of the Native American peoplbs on matters relating to the land and our cultural relationship with it. Fine articles deal with both the conrinuing legacy of exploitation and land deprivation which the Native Americans still suffer and-by sharp contrast-the Indian peoples' concepts of the land's sacredness and inviolate non-divisibility. Extremely helpful for those interested in banning the notion of land ownership from our culrural h-eadspace. A Bibliograpby on Land Reform in Rural America, Charles L. Smith, published by The Center for Rural Snrdies, now available for $1.25 from: Earthwork 1499 Potrero San Francisco, CA 94110 Published in L975, this bibliography is the definitive reference work for information dealing with land reform in America. Over 1,000 entries, referencing books and articles, periodicals and organizations currently on the forefront of the movement. A valuable toolworth every cent. a The following are several short but powerful papers dealing with the need for a reassessment of our current land tenure system. While their individual contents overlap somewhat, they are all very worthwhile; their collective impact is greater than the sum of the parts. Tbe Sbaring of Land and Resources in America, by Peter Barnes, $f .OO fromr New Republic Pamphlets 124419th St., N.W. Washington, DC 20036 A hard-hitiing iittle book in which Barnes outlines the growing inequities of our current land tenure system and makes a solid case for redistribution. It should be seen around rnor€; its price makes it more accessible than Tbe people's Land, in which Barnes explores some of the same concepts to a greater depth. Rural Land IIse: Patterns and Proposals [9r Reforn, Ronald P. Erickson, published for the First National Conflrence on Rural America, t975,byz Rural Housing Alliance and Rural America, Inc. 1346 Washington Ave., N.W. ' Washington, DC 20036 Another brief but concise paper which. catalogues the uses and misuses of American land and which provides statistical documentation as additional weight.in its argumenr for widespread reform measures. Write to the address given above; ask for Conference Working Paper *o. l. $1.00 should do it. Wbo Owns tbe Land?, Peter Barnes and Larry Casalino, 1972, Clear Creek., now available from: Earthwork 1499 Potrero San Francisco, CA 94ll0 Probably the most familiar and widely distributed land reform document now out; pioposes appropriate and specific remedies for the misuse of America by timber companies, railroads, energy companies, agribusiness and other speculators. Includes a short but dynamic statement on land economics. "Byying Back the Land: A hoposal for California," .Peter Barne$, in Working Papers for a New Society,Yol.I, No. 2, Summer 1973 Quite obviously, Peter Barnes is one of the most articulate spokespersons in the American land reform movement. In this short (7 pp.) article, he outlines a state land trust fund,as a possible rneans of redistributing the land. Deals sp€cifically with California, but the concept. may well be relevant to other states as well. Contact Earthwork for reprint info if you can't locate Working Papers. The National Coalition for Land Reform RR4 Creston, IA 40801 The NCLR is an organization made up of farmers, farmworkers, environrnentalists and others who believe that "ownership of the land by rhose who live and work on it is the key.to alleviating poverty, easing urban overcrowding, ieducing welfare costs and unemployment and building a stronger democracy." Both a political and educational organization, the Coalition invites suppon and membership. National Land for People 4696 North Millbrook Fresno, CA 93726 Probably the most iigtrty political organization in the movement and certainly one of the most dynamic, NLFP has been concerned primarily
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"A Proposal for a State Land Trust Act," John McClaughry, Tbe Haraard Journal on Legislation,June l9ZS, Vol.12, No.4 An example of one way thar the land trust idea could be applied on a widespread basis in the U.S. McClaughry proposes legialtion that would establish a State Land Trust in Vermont, with trustees appointed by the governor and income for the Trust to be derived from a 7% tax on real estate transfer. The State Land Trust's purpose would be to protect open space woodlands and agricultural areas from overdevelopment, while at the same time providing farmers with relief from excessive tax burdens. Linked with the notion of transferable development rights that has been tried in several eastern states (mentioned in the section on Land Reform), McClaughry's proposal cuts through many of thE problems that usually accompany that notion and enables the benefits from the legislative process to go ro the grassroots level. The idea is a complicated one, but it is an important consideration for those who are interested in seeing legislation help to implement land trusts at the local level. (See below) COMMUNITY LAND TRUSTS Of the several different rypes of land trusts that are now emerging, CLTs are in many ways the most exciting. Widely decentralized and usually arising from the personal dedication and commitment of individuals and small groups, Community Land Trusts consistently share a concern for making land available to people who, for economic or social reasons, could not otherwise obtain access to it. It is with the Community Land Trusts that the different implications of the land trust idea are being explored and tested most fully, and because they are so closely tied to the communities in which they function, the CLTs stand the best chance of enduring over the long run. The following is a list of several rrusts across the country which, because of their emphasis on community involvement, are good sources of information and how-to advice. Virtually all are subsisting on shoestring budgets, and they incur a lot of out-of-pocket expenses; small donations to cover mailing costs will be much appreciated (and will probably speed answers!). The Sam Ely Community Land Trust 136 Maine Street P.O. Box 116 Brunswick, ME One of the oldest CLTs in the counrry, Sam Ely publishes the Maine Land Adaocate (cited above). A good group to be in touch with; they're thoughtful and responsible in their promotio"n of trusts. The Evergreen Land Trust P.O. Box 303 Clear Lake, WA 98235 The first land trust in the country to receive a federally non-profit, tax exempt-status, Evergreen is working on developing other legal precedentls for the movement. ELT is also one of the more flexible/creative trusts currently in existence, looking at ways that the trust-concept can be made applicable to a wide variety of possible- sitlations and individual needs. Abnaki Regional Land Trust Putney, VT 05346 One of the quieter but more successful trusts in the country, Abnaki is expanding steadily. Good ideas, good approach. lt works. The People's Land Trust 1000 Harris Street Bellingham, WA 98225 The People's Land Trust is unique in that it is, thus far, an urban-cenlered trust. Holding title to about half a dozen houses and a community-use building in the town of Bellingham, people's can offer assistance in dealing with various potential problems connected with urban properties held in perpetuity. Northern California Land Trust 330 Ellis Srreet, Room 504 San Francisco, CA 94102 Organized for the specific purpose of providing farmable lands to otherwise disenfranchised people, NCLT has this year acquired its first piece of land and has placed occupants upon it. Because it^has been relying enrirely upon gifts of land and money to furthei its goals, NCLT is currently trying to reconcile a slow actual growth with the vast numFeb/Mar tgZZ RAIN page 11 bers of inquiries that they are receiving from people who would like to occupy trust lands. They publish a newsletter ($3.00/yr.) and offer membership ($6.00/yr.) as an added means of drr,ring those who are interested in their activities into closer involvement. PUBLIC LAND TRUSTS Another effective type of land trust . that has arisen in the U.S., the public trusts are attempting to free large amounts of land from the speculative market by operating on a more professional, big-money level. Both of the following organizations have been hi,shlf successful in this regard; and while neither is trying to provide people with places where they can livb on the land, they have done much to set aside public-use areas such as greenbelts, parks and wildlife preseives. The Nature Conservancy 1800 North Kent Street Arlington, VA 22209 With offices in many parts of rhe country, the Nature Conservancy has acquired numerous areas for public access. Their emphasis is on wilderness land; they have initiated T"ny- loc.al programs in regional inventories of unique ai.as. (Northwest Office: IZ34 N.W. 25th, Portland, OR 972IO). The Trust for Public Land 82 Second Street San Francisco, CA g4l0s 4t5/495-4014 Similar to the Nature Conservancy but more oriented toward urban/suburban op:.n space property. They have a highly polished approach and have managed' to convince various large corporations and wealthy landowners to give land to the public through them. Currently setting up an intensive-and expensivetraining program for those who are interested in promoting this particular approach to the land trust idea. llenderronrt Early Bummer Cobbage.
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