-- --------------~,~ ----- -- The Myth Of Thanksgiving See Story Page 7 .November, 1981 "NOW IS THE TIME" FOR AND BY BLACK PEOPLE Vol.l, No.7 Black Community Activist Seeks District 18 House Seat by D. K. Charles Vesia Loving, an outspoken advocate for the rights of Black people in Portland for the past 15 years, will be a candidate in 1982 to represent a Northeast Portland district in the State Legislature. Mrs. Loving, one of the original members of the Black United Front, will compete in the May Democratic primary for the district 18 House seat. Many Black Portlanders fought hard during the 1981 legislative reapportionment process to create a district where Blacks could take the best advantage of our political strength. The district, with about 40 percent Black residents, was the result of those efforts. Mrs. Loving, who also works as a teacher's aide at Boise Elementary School, _said she is run-. ning for the Legislature because "there are a lot of things that need to be done and I'm not afraid to do them~ "I don't know anyone who has been as involved in the community as I have been. My theme will be 'Let the work that I've done speak for me,'" she said. She said that she had been thinking about entering politics for several months, but just made up her mind recently after talking with members of her family and friends in the Black community. "I did get a lot of confidence from my friends and family," she said. "The decision to run was something that I decided personally to do . . I'm not anyone's candidate. I decided that I've been out here trying to change things all of these years and now I need to be where the laws are made," she added. If elected to the Legislature, Mrs. Loving said education would be one of her priorities. "I would still work for·a better education for all children." She said one of the biggest prob~ems for education in the state is the way schools are financed. The system, which depends on property taxes, hurts many communities. "It's a disadvantage for parents. You are caught in the middle. Elderly people and the poor can't afford to pay high property taxes," she said. She said_she would also like to see legislation passed to help young mothers. "Women and children should have better support. I would work for better rights for women. If women are going to work, they need better pay and good daycare for their children," s:!:le said. Vesia D. Loving is the mother of four children who went back to college after her children were born in order to get a degree in teaching. Mrs. Loving said that she is just nine hours short of getting her certification but that she has been so busy with community projects during the past four years that she hasn't had time to finish. She has been an aide at Boise school for the past 14 years. She was active in Model Cities projects during the 1960's. She was a member of the Community Coalition for School Integration which worked for an integration Mrs. Loving said her legis- ·policy for Portland Public lative concerns would also be schools that would be equal for about health issues and issues_ Black and whites. Mrs. Loving affecting the elderly. She saldbecame involved in the Front she would work for better hou- while still working with the sing for residents of Portland. Co~lition to get the school Mrs. Loving has lived in Portland for 37 years. She was born in Warren, Ark. and came to Portland with her parents as a teenager. Her parents were among the Blacks who came to Portland during World War II to work in the shipyards. She board to listen to its proposals. The Front was successful in ending the one-way bussing that scattered Black children across town. Mrs. Loving is a long time member of Vancouver Avenue Baptist Church. ' . j I
, .,, .... , ' , ... ( ~ page2 A Visit with the Members THE BLACK MOVEMENT PART II transcribed byJoyce Harris Advocate's Note:The speech of Rev. Herbert Daughtry, delivered in May, 1981 while visiting with BUF members, will be printed in its entirety. His message contained substance, and it is our belief that its content should be read by the entire Black community of Portland. We ask that you, the reader, be patient with our continuing parts of the BUF National Chairman's speech. In fact, it was in 1966 -in the Ebony magazine that (quote) Carl Rowan tried to say that nobody knew what Black power was all about. He said it was confusing everybody and chasing white folks away -which was his major concern, by the way. He let the cat out of the bag.It was glorious days .•. the force and whirlwind that Black power carried everything with it and pushed to the side. Significantly, the slogan we remember in certain parts of the country, "Move over, or we'll move on over you." It was euphoria, a great feeling ••. handshakes, dashikis, special signs ..• telling everybody except (again) toms, rednecks, some liberals and other folks. But still it •.• it was there, and people had to take note of it, and equal by the way of coming out .•• that Black assertiveness. Was a full-page ad that Black folks took in the New York Times to tell everybody that they were for Black power, and I don't know if you remember that one ••. I clipped that one. And across the country, cities began to experience the assert- . iveness. There were Black politicians and Black businessmen and Black professionals -everybody Black, and everybody was proud -at least that's what everybody said. And then to add to the benefits and content· of Black Power was the annual uprising which became known as the 'soul rituals' -Burn Baby Burn. Riots came out of the· flames of Watts and equal a~sertiveness out of the cities at the campuses when students did their thing.•. students holding Presidents with rifles to their heads, taking campuses and turning down schools. It was indeed some exciting days .••. it reached the paak•.• oddly enough, in 1968 when Martin, the Apostle of Peace wa~ gunned down on the balcony of a hotel named Lorraine. But by then, you know, white folks was saying, "What's wrong with them folks? Give'em anything to quiet them or settle them down. Stop ,, 3 40,000 folks, · you can rest as- ~ , sured that we had 80,000 - that's how you calculate the news media quotes. They get their totals from the police department, you know. Also, during that year, the Gary Conference was called after a series of conferences; thus, the Black Political Assembly was born. To the casual observer of 1972, it would appear that Black people were unified as never before, and was on their way to the Promised Land. What with all these conferences and Black organizations~ and Black symbolism and Black progress, and antipoverty programs, and even a few elected officials here and there to show that Black people were on their way. But, the Black Power days carried with them from the beginning ••• destructive anti1----~--~--~-~~---.. bodies. But before that, ah, Photo by: D. Henderson even before that, in fact ••• in fact, at the Gary Convention, • •R•e•v_.-•H•e•r•b•e•r_t_D•a•u•g•h•t•r•y_ _ _ __ . "Negro" po 1 it ic i ans were making deals with their Democratic mastthem. Do something!" At least that's what they appeared to say. And you remember the antipoverty programs were initiated. it wasn's merely a war on any poverty. The nation wasn't serious about addressing any fundamental causes. It didn't even do for its own people what it had done for the western, ah, the cities of Western Europe which they had bombed... and they turned around and gave 12 billion dollars to build them back up. No, no, it was simply another game that was being played, and interestingly enough, I just got finished reading parts of the development of that theory that the Job Corps program which was suppose to help poor Black youth ended up helping, as always, corporate America. They benefited from the anti-poverty programs, the types and the kinds of programs which are really designed to bolster, again, a small segment of our people, and give them a little benefit along the way. And then came the COINTELPRO Program which J. Edgar Hoover sought to destroy - and did in fact very effectively discredit, or at least destroy the little man. In 1969 Imamu Baraka founded ~he congress of Afrikan People, and the summer uprising in Newark, and Baraka conspired to get a Black mayor elected... named Ken Gibson. In 1972, 40,000 people came.to Washington to show their support for Afrikan liberation. The Afrikan Liberation Support Committee had reached an unprecedented plateau. Think about it, 40,000 folks. If the news media said we had ers. And Shirley Chisholm, you remember, went off on a romantic trip to become President of the United States; and then Black Power was like an intoxicant. The exhilaration of assertiveness viewed in the eyes of whites, revelations, that is, from Blacks of the Afrikan past ••. the glory of the history of the Afrikan ancestor. They had been told all their lives that their history started with Europeans. Suddenly they learned the other way around .•. that Europe had gone to Afrika for cultural enrichment, and all that Greek Philosophy and stuff, by which Aristotelian Philosophy, had been stolen out of · Egypt. And everything else practically European had been stolen out of Afrika. They began to learn that, ah, it was like a drug •.• it was like an intoxicant. Some Black folk got drunk on Black power, and ~hey swaggered, and they became loud, and substanceless. "Look out, Whitey, Black power gonna get your mama," was a title of one book. Would you believe, was a title by one "Negro" who did a complete turnaround and sold everybody out ••• revealing how shallow, revealing how shallow the whole thing was to some Black~, and that one must, at some point, come down from a high. Blacks had to sober up; whitey wasn't giving up anything! Words, slogans, and the power, name-changing, hand shakes, burn it down, burn it up, burn it in •.•might have been all beautiful, but it don't lead to the impowerment of a people enabling them to build their institutions, to build their own independence; it doesn't lead to the overturning of wicked institutions and wicked systems ••• it doesn't mean a .thing. (Continued on Page 3)
--------------------------------------------------------~ But perhaps it was just too much to ask a people who had been subservient for centuries, who had tried to emulate everything European, to now suddenly cast it all aside, root it up and cast it all aside ... as it were, and then plan to build all this ..• all in the twinkling of an eye, in a matter of several years; the task was just too great. And so, in 1972, with the Gary Convention and the Afrikan Liberation Day demonstrations, Black Power, like a mighty edifice whose penacles are pushing its way skyward all the time, the foundations were crumbling; and, just as that edifice would fall from high ...or topple ... Black Power days were numbered; and in a few months, Gary was shattered, and the Black Political Assembly tried to carry out the mandates -but to no avail. The Afrikan Liberation Support C9mmittee essentially broke up into antagonistic factions. And, like Humpty-Dumpty who fell off the wall and all the king's horses and all the king's men -could not put Humpty-Dumpty back together -agafn, all the wise -and since they are Black, couldn't put the Afrikan Liberation Support Committee back together again, and it was sad... too, too sad; so much promise, so much hope, the cry of Bla6k Power died a painful death -wounded in the house of friends. Now what other shifts, or trends that destroyed...or at least stemmed from ... the Black Movement? First it was the commercialization -we should have known that capitalization cares nothing for patriotism and symbolism. If there is a possibility of profit in it, it will suck the blood out of anything; Its tenacles will reach out and grab Black Power symbolisms •.• and anything else. What we have seen is that those who engage in life to ... to whom... whose life is no more than to make a prof~t, will put their own children o~ television and expose 1/1 "' themselves to sell some dungarees that they call jeans -Jordache~ Symbolism without substance•.. Black Power had to become more than symbols. It is easy to grow one's hair out •.. and you remember during those days we used to say, "He has an afro hairdo and a processed mind." And Jesse Jackson had just reduced the handshake to the level of repugnance with his dating of Richard Daley as the Mayor of Chicago; and even white folks would come up to you and give you a handshake; and Flip Wilson -in his usual coniclastic style which transformed the meaning of class both.•. it was just too much; it made you want to run away from it all. The symbols which meant so m~ch ... had suddenly been reduced to nothing. It is not necessarily a sign of paranoia to believe that it was all planned. And what do I mean by that? Someone once said to me that the most thorough repage3 search is done by the FBI on For a while it seemed that we Black folk ... that if you want towere assertive, but suddenly we -that if you want to know what looked around and those leaders we're ever thought and planned who had always been ah, always to think, if you want to know been slowing us down, unless what's the latest dance, you go they lose the good graces of to the files of the FBI. T~ey their white friends, suddenly know more about us than we'll were now back on the scene ever know about ourselves, and again. it's not ... and I'm not sermo- They had been propped up and got, nizing now; I'm looking at it a shot in. the arm, and now they~ · purely from a liberation sense .. were back in the leadership posifrom a struggle standpoint. tions -it was the COINTELPRO Program that I've mentioned. It was Something happened to our unbelievable what the FBI did to music when it was transformed the Black leadership at that into this thing we call rock- time. Do you know that J. Edgar n-roll, and you people who had Hoover has his people everywhere? been a part of a glorious He knew that Dr. Martin Luther struggle seemed to have been King was going to get his honorcaught up in drugs and rock and ary degree; he would send FBI roll. A~d ever~whe~e you go, agents that you were paying for someone s shak1ng lt ... them- -to the schools to try to disselves. You know, they drum that credit Dr. King so that he would stuff into thei~ heads, they've not get an honorary degree. And got them so add1cted ~hat they when Dr. King was going to get have to walk around w1th the ra-the Nobel Peace Prize he sent dio ca~rying a·whole sound rhy- his agents, paid by y;ur money thm wh1le they have theses ear- -to practically every embassy in ~hones g~ued to their heads. And the world to try to get them to 1f you l1sten to_the words- use their influence so that Dr. Black women shak1ng themselves K" ld t. t th N b 1 . , . 1ng wou no ge e o e wh1le somebody s degrad1ng them; P p . -th t · d t driv~ all that stuff going into their eace rlze .e~ rle 0 . · d "t' t th" k bl th t 'that man to su1c1de, and f1nally, m1n s- 1 s no un 1n a e a I b 1 . b h tr ng·_ those planners who have always e leve ecause e was s. o tried to figure out our next enough ... b~cause he was bu1lt_ moves •.. know that when it comes upon the k1nd of rock... and h1s to rhythm, and I believe that strength was borne from an ex~ when it comes to rhythm and ha~stle~s sourc~,.they couldn t music I mean it seems to be a drlve hlm t~ SUl~lde .•. they . . ' ' . couldn't dr1ve h1m mad, so f1nal~ part of our her1tage. I got a 1 . t h t hi d wn. Atid ihe brother, Randy Weston, who Y JUS s 0 m_ 0 Y 1 · th t 11 · · · t d were bound to bu1ld a statue to c a1ms a a mus1c or1g1na e h d . · from Afrika. I don't know about Edgar Hoover; maybe_t e ay lS that, but I know that there is upon when someone w1ll pull that a rhythmic balance. How if you' ... blow that .. :pull that statue re goin to move a people away .down and blow 1t up. from serious study and serious There was no reason that we thinking about their conditions, were starting to do in those days what better way than to get the -that some of the brothers music, get the very thing that learned how to read Karl MarxJ is a part of them, and turn it and some of the brothers and sis~ around and make it into some- ters learned how to read Lenin, thin that is corrupt, and have and it was all the fervor on a thir minds messed up ..•whether new convert; just got religion, or not there was the pacifica- now want to drive eve~ybody into tion program that I've men- the church. They wanted to make tioned, which was deliberately everybody Marxist. Black folk set in order to appease some of struggling for years and years us. -we're now told that racism ~oesn't matter; it ain't racism,· I can remember so well, some it's 'classism' .•. how that Negro of the revolutionary brothers get up ... I mean get up folks; who suddenly got an anti~ these are some of my friends so poverty program. They would get I got to change it. There are there summer cultural programs Black folks with European minds, with a few thousand dollars, and suddenly now discovering that they would forget about all race doesn't matter. Interesttheir revoluntionary rhetorc; ingly ·enough, one of the leading they had arrived - they looked protagonists of this position more like a Wall Street banker was recently beaten in New York than anybody engaged in any- by the police; and do you know, thing except trying to chase as we said to him -and I think the next buck... and to many of it sort of converted him a bit us, some political success. -that, had he been white, there Maynard Jackson became Mayor, wouldn't have been any problem. Tom Bradley became Mayor; and Coleman Youg became Mayor of When the police saw him they saw a Black face, and they didn't Detroit; Carl Stokes became care that this man was internaMayor of Cleveland, and all of this gave the tendency that we tionally known; this man was read were on our way. Then another around the world, has been inpoint that helped to destroy vited even to the White House. the leadership...what I'm call- But those cops didn't care anying the resiliency of a certain thing about the White House; they kind of leadership among us. (Contined on Page 7)
page4 EBONY EXCELLENCE JOYCE B. HARRIS Pmto by: Kamau Mrs. Harris was born in Alexander, Louisiana, reared in New York, N.Y., and is one of nine children. She has been a resident of Portland, Oregon since 1969. Upon her arrival in Portland, Mrs. Harris entered Reed College in 1969 completing her course work in 1973. She was awarded a B.A. degree in American Studies with a concentration in Black Studies. While receiving her degree 'from Reed, at the same time in 1973, Mrs. Harris also received another B.A. from Oregon State University in Elementary Education. A few years later, in 1978, she was awarded a M.S. degree in Education from Portland State University. Her specialty area was Admini~tration. Mrs. Harris began teaching in 1970 at the grade school where she was one of the original Founders, the Black Education Center. In 1973, she became a certified teacher by the State of Oregon, and during the period from 1973-76, Mrs. Harris taught at Immaculate Heart and the Black Education Center with certification. While teaching at the school, she was the school's Math curriculum specialist. Currently, Mrs. Harris serves as the Administrator for the Center, is serving as a Consultant on staff training for Portland Public Schools, and is the Manager of the Talking Drum Bookstore. Many of Mrs. Harris community activities over the years have focused on the Black Education Center. However, she has coordinated and conducted workshops related to Black topical areas and issues, initiated various community events honoring local Black Portlanders, developed and implemented summer youth programs, has assited in coordinating annual Kwanzaa celebrations, and is currently engaged in assisting with staff training and curriculum development for the Black United Front's upcoming Saturday School. ,· 3945 N. WILLIAA\S AIRP.... M~ 284-.9061 ~ -~ ~ SERVICE . \ .. TRANSMISSION
"The Negro In Portland" by v. Rutherford Advocate's Note: Mrs. Rutherford was very gracious in sharing her "Condensed Report" with us. Printed in its original form, we thought for comparative purposes with the present, a glimpse of the past would be helpful in order to plan for tommorrow. History records that the first Negro set foot on Oregon soil in 1787. He arr.ived by ship as a servant · for the ship•s master, and was killed by Indians shortly after landing on these shores. The next Negro to come to Oregon accompanied the Lewis and Clark Expedition in 1803. He married an Indian woman and r.eturned to Missouri. There is nq specific mention of others reaching Oregon until about 1834 when several Negroes arrived by wagon train -as servants, and as independent settlers. Oregon was admitted to the Union as a free territory .in 1846, but as settlers from slave states arrived, they often brought slaves with them and there was a reluctance to separate those slaves from masters and mistresses. The 1850 census reported 207 Negroes living in Oregon. As the Civil War neared, the civil status of the Negro became a heated and debated subject in Oregon. By 1857, the Oregon Legislature took drastic steps to curtail the entry of Negroes into this state. The Oregon Constitutional Convention of 1857 declared, "No free Negro or Mulatto, not ·now residing in. the state at the time of adoption of the constitution, shall come, reside, or be within the state, or hold any real estate, or make contracts, or maintain any suit therein; and the legislature shall provide ... for the punishment of persons who shall bring them into the state or employ them." When Negroes finally were permitted to live in the state, each Negro in Portland had to pay a ten-dollar 1 head tax• and had ·no civil rights whatever. Around 1864 the first Negro school, located at 4th & Columbia West, was opened, and the Peoples Independent Church, the first Negro church of Portland, was founded. Near 1875 the anti-Negro attitude lessened somewhat, and in 1890, approximately 75 Negroes were brought from South Carolina and Georgia to work in the Portland Hotel; most of these men sent for their families-a move that was practically the foundation of Negro family life in Portland. During the general period of 1875 to 1890 Negroes were again accepted-into the communities, and segregation was practically non-existent. The 1890 Oregon census reported 1,886 Negroes; they were accepted at downtown shops, restaurants, hotels, saloons, etc. Between 1890 and 1900 the first signs of segregation appeared in Portland theatres, and from 1890 to 1~42 there was practically no change in the occupation status of the Negro in Portland. An industrial survey of 1941 shows that Negroes were employed as follows: 98.6% in the railroad industry in some capacity, 1% in private industry and domestic service, and .4% in business and professions. These figures changed abruptly during World War II because of the acute labor shortage. In 1948 the Annual Report of the Urban League of Portland reported that more than 450 Negro workers were employed by employers who had not employed Negroes prior to 1945. The Oregon Fair Employment Practices Laws passed in 1949 opened the doors of employment to all capable persons, and Negroes are now employed in all levels of Federal, State, and City Civil Service, are affiliated with unions, hold skilled jobs in private industries, are employed as grade school teachers, are social workers, retail clerks, and doctors and nurses on hospital staffs. Prior to 1910 a majority of Negroes lived on Portland•s West side, but gradually the population shifted to the East side of the river, and home-building began to flourish. The Portland City Club Bulletin reports, "As of 1957, over 50% of Portland•s Negroes are located in the area bounded by Union Avenue on the east, Interstate on the west, Oregon on the south, and Fremont on the north." A definite expansioQ_out of this area is now in progress. pageS IS SLAVERY YOUR N. YOUNG'S ST£El FABRICATION CO•• INC. (503) 287-0444 ~NYFAB~ 2330 N.E. COLUMBIA BlVD. PORl\ANO, OREGON 97211 NATE YOUNG JIM MAYES Prelident Secreterv' Truaurer 281-38!12 ....... ~ ......." ' - ...ou• -Dn'· ~ 0~ .... MCTMO- WU,.L GO IT SSOO N. WILLIAMS AVIL ~ATLAND, OAKGON .71117 BLACK A EDUCATIONAL CENTER 4919 N. E. 17th Avenue Portland, Oregon 97211 503 I 284-9552 ''Moving Together'' THE GOVERNOR'S OMELETTE AND SAND~CH SHOP 3240 N. Williams Avenue Portland, OR 281-0280 "ORDERS TO GO" ~lggins ~emadeling !5UI211-4SM CARPENTRY-CONCRETE-PAINTING PATIOS DRIVEWAYS SIDEWALKS SHEET ROCKING-TAPING 1429 N.E. Mason Portland, OR 97211 281-8887 SAMUEL RIGGINS ALL PHASES A-1 Guaranteed 3612 N. Wlm-a ~ \.tl.~·:: .. ~-:-:-.n .. ...............Gft' ...... 61.1. ,. •• u , ., .,.u, . •••• ... ....,., _... ,. ("' ' '"~. cw•'-• ........................ ._,.,_., :.-:::: ..
1 Pa ~6 COMMUNITY RAP & RECOGNITION Michael Mitchell Student Personally, I don't really know Mr. Prophet so I can't really say whether I feel he is going to serve in the interest of the Black community or not. But I think its good to have a Black superintendent maybe he can serve as an example of just what Blacks can accomplish in this system, and as you know it has been so hard for Black people to progress in this system because of all the bias that exist. Having Prophet looks good, we will have to wait and see. Evelyn Crews Band Coordinator My first opinion was one of surprise, because I did not think they would pick a Black man for superintendent. After the surprise wore off then I became suspicious of what the intent was of choosing him and what the new superintendent's intent was in taking the position considering that he comes from a school system that has a great deal of Blackyeople in it. I think that possibly the Board felt that he could control rather than work with the Black community here and I am simply taking a wait and see stance. What Is Your Opinion OnThe Selection Of A Black Superintendent For Portland Public Schools? Gilbert Miles Shipyard Worker I think that is a "right on" thing because we have more Blacks out here that are qualified to takA positions like that, and by the same token, they have a lot to contribute to imr prove the school system. I think they need more people with different ideas and from different walks of life to come in and try to make the system work better than what it has been. I think that hiring a Black superintendent is a big step towards progress. Although I do not know how long he will stay there, because if he is honest, he is dangerous since the world is corrupt. But I am glad to see that it is my brother that is in there, because I am glad to see ANY Black do well. Photos by: Kamau Jean Vessup Civil Rights Investigator My opinion of the selection is that he was the most quailfied. Basically I don't think they had a choice. Someone Black and someone with the necessary qualifications, I think that he is highly qualified but I think I will take a wait and see attitude to see what he's going to do for Black children in Portland. I think that his strict miltary background could serve as a problem for the Black community, I don't think that it's going to be an asset to the Black community. I think that he might tend to be more hardline in terms of having any type of open communication with the Black community. Julius Moore longshoreman My opinion is that he is going to have to show me that he ·is going to do something about the amount of Black children being suspended from school.· If he can prove to me that suspensions will be on an equal basis then I am all for him. But I am still puzzled about how they came about his selection all of a sudden after Ron (Herndon) made the statement about them having already made their selection then they select Prophet which was an about face. I believe that they had already planned to pick-a white superintendent and the way it looks now they are trying to program the one we got.
Rev. Daughtry (Continued from Page 3) saw a Black face and they went to work on that Black head. Now I think he's changed a little bit and sort of got recon~erted •.• in the 'US' society. I don't care what other idealogical position you espouse -if you're going to engage in reality, you always got to understand that this is a racist society ••• even the President's Commission. I mean, all these folks went out and got ••. and said, "Tell me about the society." As if he didn't already know back in 1967. And yes, this is a racist society ... TO BE CONTINUED .•.• page7 Thanksgiving: A European Myth by Kamau From 1619, the year that marks the Popes claiming the allegiance of Chrisbeginning of the forced importation of endom. When the Reformationist moveAfrikans to thi'ls land, to the present ment began, Henry VIII was on the day, we have embraced and celebrated throne in England. He raooved the European holidays vitually without Roman Papacy and declared himself "sole using any hindsight. We have never protector and supreme head of the seriously considered the origins of church and clergy of England". these ritualized comnEm)rations. Year Henry set up the Anglican Church in and year out, we practice the rit- (The Church of England) and appointed uals of Christmas, Thanksgiving, and Thomas Cranmer as the Archbishop. He others without really knowing what disposed of all the monasteries and exactly we are celebrating. We some- convents in England which was looked times come up with some baseless ra- upon,. "as holy conmunities of gross tiona_lizations as to why we partici- :imn6rality and debauchery. This break pate but a thorough analysis of the from_the Vatican was a politically origins of these holidays will destroy expedient move for Henry. The Pope the myth behind most of them. The would not annul his marriage to Cathcelebration of these European holidays erine of Aragon so that he could has resulted in the mental genocide marry a younger women named Ann Boleyn. of our own Afrikan history and culture. Bishop Cranmer quickly nullified the This article deals with the myths, marriage and the union of Henry the ......................................from an Afrikan perspective, behind VIII and Ann Boleyn gave birth to the the European holiday called Thanks- notorious Queen Elizabeth I. The break 1634 N. E. ALBERTA ST. PORTLAND, OREGON 97211 (503) 282-9465 ). \_ Broadous Auto Service 1 ( James Ed. Broadous, owner STEAM CLEANING, UNDERCOATING, WASH, POLISH, WAY, SIMONIZED, BLUE CORRAL, PROCELIZED OR, WHAT HAVE YOU? 4612 N. WILLIAMS at GOINGS 282-9424 PORTABLE SERVICE giving. with Rome also diverted the hugh sums To get information on the origins ofof money from the Catholic church to this particular holiday we must the royal coffers of Henry VIII back a few hundred year~ or more r~to The _obese Henry VIII , with s~hilis history. This retreat into h" t .and an assortment of other d1seases is necessary to get the prope~s~~r- d~ed in 1547 leaving the throne to standing and chronology of the events h1s weak so~ Edward VI . Edward was which led to the establishment of the lethally po1soned at the age of 16 "new world'.' and left the throne to Mary Tudor, the daughter of Henry VIII and his A good starting point would be about first wife Catherine. Mary began a 1517, the beginning of the Protestant vicious repressive campaign to roll Reformation in Europe. The Protestant back the gains in refonn that her Refonners were catholics ·in Europe pro-father had made. Protestant leaders testing against the despotic authority by the hundreds were sentenced to of the Popes in Rome. When viewed from death_including Archbishop Cranmer thus an Afrikan historical prespective this earning her the infamous name Bloody protest can only be seen as a struggle Mary. Even today you will hear in between the Gennan-Anglo and the Roman-English terminology "bloody this" and Latin as to who would hold the economic "bloody that'.' control and political power over all . . . Europe and eventually the world. Out Ell~abet~ I, the so-called.Vl~g~n of this revolt schisms developed and ~een 1n wh1ch the state of V1rg1n1a there were two and sometimes three lS named after' succeeded Mary on the · throne. Under her reign, the majority of the English people adhered to the Protestant theology. It is the reign of Elizabeth I that is of upmost irnr portance to Afrikan people in underOpen seven days a week standing all of this mad religious zealousness. -In 1562 Sir John Hawkins, an Englishman, sailed three ships to the northwest Afrikan coast and captured 300 Afrikans and carried them (Continued on Page 12) Furnace Repair Fuel Oil Nate Hartley Fuel Oil Co. "We ONE PICTURE IS WORTH $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Protect your possessions with photographs. If a fire, theft, or other disaster strikes, a photo record that verifies your insurance claim, income tax deductions, or property recovery claims can mean extra dollars in your pocket. Call: Richard J. Brown (503) 289-0707 THANKS YOU ADVERTISERS "WE COULDN'T DO IT WITHOUT YOU:' 2330 N.E. Alberta St. Portland, Ore. 97211 Phone 282-5539 Radio Dispatched
EDITORIAL Racism: It's Not A Question Of Conspiracy "I do not understand why every month you come out with a new 'conspiracy' against the Black race. I believe you blame us for a lot of things we have nothing to do with. White people are not as race conscious as you would like your readers to believe'.' The above quote was taken from the November issue of Ebony magazine, but it could just nave easily appeared in any other news publication or been said on a T.V. talk show. This kind of comment is typical of the kind of reactionary statements you get from white people when Black folks speak out in protest of racism. The statement is not only typical but shows an ignorance of history, and a failure to accept responsibility for this country's role in the enslavement of Black people. No one can deny the harsh treatment that Blacks in this country have faced and continue to face. ,..n lUCK-- ADVOCATE Vol.1 No.7 ·- 11 "rD 'ftar· November, 1981 Tbe Portlalld. ADVtCA1E is publ.isbecl IIIXlthly by the Black UDi ted Froat. Address all i.Dquiries and CCIIIIIBDts to: P.O. Box 3976, Portlaud, Cll 97208, or call(S03) 288-0700. All material sul:mitted to tbe ~ will be coas:l.dered !or publicatioll and beccme property o! . tbe ~. Tbe Portlalld. ADVa::ATE is cc:am1. tted to articula.tiDg the Black experience f.1'clll a local, state, natioDal, and illten~&tioDal perspective. ServiDg as a voice ot the BUF, Tbe ADVtx:A'l'E will focus on Portiand as its first SCU1'Cft ot illt01111Ltion, and will never be apologetic about its Black vietp:~:Ult - be it popular or unpopular. In our attaapt to serve as a voice !or tbe Black ccmnmi ty, we welccme your CCIIIIIBDts, suggestions, and CCI1tributiolls. Look Befo.re Leaping Portland's Black community should proceed with cautious optimism in regards to the recent selection of Dr. Matthew W. Prophet, Jr., a Black man, who is expected to serve as Superintendent of Portland Public Schools. An uneasy feeling is in the air, due to what Dr. Prophet has not said to date. No Defending Our Oppression clear signals have been given to the Black community in term's of There has been and is plenty what's going to happen regarding of talk concerning an Egyptian Black children. A message about invasion of Libya, and the U.S. , The question is not one of a "all the kids" disturbs think- is now willing to back Egypt 'conspiracy', or whites being• race ing Blacks. The only thing we with whatever it takes to overconscious' everyone knows the an-, know for sure is that the man throw Libya's leader, Moammar swer to that, when in 1981 one- who was acting Superintendent, Khadafy. From a Black perspechundred years after the physical is being assured of a job. The tive, the consequences of such elimination of slavery, you still same man who is responsible for action is frightening. Presenthave blacks being the first head Black children not knowing any- ly, a "rapid deployment force" of Portland Public Schools and the thing about their history or consisting of the 82nd Airborne first in the field of this or that;culture. Also, it is hoped that Division out of Ft. Bragg, N.C., when you still have forced bussing before those Blacks who took is in the Mediterranean region. to provide "qualit-y-education" · their children out of the public Unfortunately, a large segment for our children; when you con- schools become too elated and of the 82nd is made up of Black tinue to have mass murders of overjoyed with Prophet's ap- soldiers. As descendents of Black men, women, and children; pointment, prove their confi- Afrika in this country, can we when the unemployment of Blacks dence in him by returning their afford to apathetically watch and the rate at which Black men children to Portland public our Brothers overtly engage in are incarcerated and sentenced to schools. Inviting the new des- warfare anywhere on the Afrikan death is twice that of whites. ignated Superintendent to teas, continent? The answer is very clear. coffees, and cocktails will not suffice. We believe that everyone in America can be as successful as they want to be, it's just that Black folks are going to have to work twice as hard. The question is why? We are aware that there are Black administrators within the Portland Public School system who have not been effective in advocating on behalf of Black children. Regardless of what has been said, the critical issue will be when Black children's test scores in the Portland schools show that their academic skills are equal to other students nationally, then it can be said the "new" Black man was an asset. In order to achieve such a feat, however, it is our opinion some house cleaning in the little orange building by the bridge must occur. Like the Smith-Barney commercial says with a slight twist, Black school administrators and teachers obtain respect the oldfashioned way, they earn it by producing well-prepared Black students. A president of a major U.S. metallurgical company said recently, "Strategic minerals are controlled by central and southern Afrikan countries ••• we must support the government when itworks to safeguard our security, regardless of the ideology involved." It is more than just conjecture as to whether or not Afrika will be the next battleground. In 1978, when the copper mines in the Katanga Province of Southern Zaire was being threatened with military takeover by the indigenous people of that area, the U.S. Government alerted the 82nd Airborne Division. Serious thought was given by U.S. officials to the question of Black soldiers in that division going to Afrika to do battle for this country. We should be aware of the 450-year sojourn of Afrikan descendents in this country which is an annal of the most blatant, vicious, and inhumane oppression recorded in this earth's hi~ tory. We will not defend our own oppression.
BLACK GENIUS DANIEL HALE WILLIAMS 1856-1931 Hale Williams was the first surgeon to successfully perform heart surgery. On July 10, 1893, Dr. Williams opened the chest of a stabbing victim and sutured the punctured pericardium (the protective membranous sac arvund the heart). Such a feat wa3 unthinkable in 1893 and it was done without the aid of X-rays, an anesthetist, drugs or a heart machine to keep the blood circulating during the operation. Dr. Williams was born in Pennsylvania to free Black parents in 1856. His father was a skillful barber. After his father's death, Dan Williams learned the smooth technique of barbering from a Black barber in Wisconsin. Dr. Palmer who was a frequent customer of Dan's inf~uenced him to study medicine. After a twoyear apprenticeship with Dr. Palmer in Wisconsin, Dan Williams enrolled in the Chicago Medical College. Completing his medical training in 1883, Dr. Williams decided to remain in Chicago to practice his profession. Racism however prevented him from practicing his profession to his fullest potential. He was not allowed to join the staff of the white-owned and white-run hospitals. He was denied access to new innovations in surgical techniques that were made available to other doctors of white medical groups. D~. Williams had to literally operate on the kitchen and dining tables of his patients homes, because of the racist policies of the white hospitals. But, as in most cases when oppressive barriers gets in our way, Black ingenuity prevails. Dr. Williams' commitment to Black progress in the medical profession and to the destruction of the racism that attempted to hamper that progress, gave him a simple solution to this minor problem; he established his own hospital. In May, 1891, the Provident Hospital and Training School Association was established. It was at this hospital that Dr. Williams performed his famous heart operation. The patient, James Cornish, lived a normal life for twenty years after the operation. Dr. Daniel Hale Williams, a Great Black Genius of medicine. Tell your children about him. ... J page9 Photos by: Richard J. Brown Two recent distinguised visitors, Bill Sutherland(bottan photo) of the American Friends Service Coomittee and Asa Hillard(top photo), Consultant to Portland's Public Schools, share and discuss issues of importance with Portland's Black community. ·~·~·~·; •.r••·~; J,,.,r,.~.·.· .•-....... /',1', r~r_ I i'fi._,.Jii ... ~.J.f'•lf j. I • • .. • t t • •.•• •• • • r;. "..T~ ll • ¥ #-'Es- .- ,. •.. • • •,. • • ...._.,. + f> • ..
page10 Creation Time Answers to last month's puzzle CBOSSWOBD FREEDOMWORDS by J. Courtney Gordon *This month 1 s FREEDOMIVORDS puzzle concerns itself with Great Black Americans. Infonnatian is taken from Jet's 1981 3D-year celebration iss-..1e. All names appear in the puzzle; they may be spelled backwards, forward, up, down, or even diagonally. Read the facts -then find each name ancl circle it. PEUBWFHSSUGARRAYRODINSONPT BXLWAMCNKLIRSPODXQDRLFIAC~ YIASDOXRBGLTAGCWKDIHSAOFKE PBRLCAZACNKHMAURYWILLSIOSK SERXHCJEPLQULSEDNDCREGWZVF RCYFSXGHBWHRCXKALEEELDERWD HPDBCYRSDAVAZVNOSBIGAEHTLA IEOLPVAAMXDSBLTYMXZSPLDBJF FRBQNLXMBPQHGFRANKROBINSON DLYSRPEOESKEZCHBILSAOCQKEK OITNGDMHXITVUCXECLENLIDZLS RLSZADYTCZLOTNZBOLAOERCKOK JBILLRUSSELLWDGXELWC!QTOUN AEIDGOZLNPIZIYRBMEENYAWJIO CGOSWFYIPTOHRWYOLUORDRNSSR XNNINHPOSRMBATWLIEONZODIPA IDAOBSLEAACIKSPILFZISNEMHA ECPZRAHBPLTACEXYLISRGOOPDK RPABLTAICSKCRFAINLEVKTLSWN OEECTTSDLGFRHRXPBTIJXOGOPA BOSLBELMACYKREICTSFEDIENEH IXIZEMCTRWZACWLAOMCUDQSCKY NWORBMIJXAGDRBPPYRRXVAHZFR SMCZBELTAUYCKDGZAABEPSVDCN OBAQWSXCSXQRYXCTMIZUCZFIQE NTKJOHNBUCXONEILLXGKOQTLSH ELSBHLQANCLXBEIBEAUETLIFUL AOFUDGSZHFTSQWHKXCLQCSNRCW ALTHEA GIBSON - the first Black to win a Wimbledon tennis title (1957); went on to almost equal greatness as a professional golfer. ARTHUR ASHE - one of the premier players on the pro tennis tour until he was sidelined by a heart attack two years ago, won Wimbledon (1975) and u.s. open titles. BILL RUSSELL - led the Boston Celtics to 11 world titles as a player, and later coached; was elected to Basketball Hall of Fame in 1974. HENRY .ARMSTRONG - in a 12-month period between 1937-38 he became the first boxer to hold 3 titles at the same time: featherweight, lightweight, and welter.veight. JACKIE ROBINSON- broke baseball's color line in 1947 and led the Brooklyn Dodgers to six pennants as rookie-of-t.~e-year and Most Valuable Player, to earn a spot in the Hall of Fame JIM BROWN - football Hall of Famer who set the all-time rushi.IJ8 mark of 12,312 yards in only nine seasons, now a successfUl actor. JOE LOUIS - boxing's longest-reigning heavyweight champion who defended his title arecord 25 times and is a member of boxing's Hall of Fame. WAYNE EMBRY - lst Black General Manager in NBA LARRY DOBY - the second Black player in the major leagues and the first in the American League; became the second Black manager in baseball when he piloted the Chicago Wbite Sox for part of 1978. LEE ELDER - the first Black golfer to play in the prestigious Master's (1975) and the first to reach $1-million in earnings'as a pro. LOU BROCK - in 1974 stole 118 bases to set an all-time single-season base-stealing mark, and before retiring in 1979, established an all-time mark of 937 bases. LOWELL PERRY - first Black Pro Grid coach MAURY WILLS- established baseball's single season base-stealing mark of 106 in 1962 with Los Angeles Dodgers and became a big-league manager with the Seattle Mariners in 1980. MtlH.AMMED ALI - boxing's only three-time heavyweight champ, who at 40 hopes to win a fourth crown some time next year. O.J. SIMPSON - set single-season Ruahing Mark in 1974. PELE - soccer's all-time goal leader witi1 1,281 in 22 years and until retirement the highest paid J;>layer of any profeseional. team sport {$4.75 million over two years) with the N.Y. Cosmos. SATCHEL PAIGE - said to be one of baseball's greatest pitchers and possibly the longest-playing; was the first Negro League player inducted into baseball's Hall of Fame in 1971. SUGAR RAY LEONARD & THOMAS HEARI!S - boxing gladiators who shared the Welterweight championship until the great unification match (Oct. 1981), which earned "record purses" for each. SUGAR RAY ROBINSOn - fonner middleweight champ whose boxing career spanned 25 years, who was chosen the greatest fighter "pound for pound" in history, was voted into Boxing Hall of Fame in 1974. WILLIE DAVIS - pro football star for 12 years and a Grambling State University alumnus; was inducted into the pro football Hall of Fane this year (1981). WILLIE MAYS - baseball's third leading all-time home :nm hitter and the man voted baseball's greatest center-fielder and most exciting player; was voted into the Hall of Fame in 1979. WILT ~THE STI~T) CHAMBERLAIN _ basketball' 8 all-tJ..me ~COrJ.ng champion; is considering backing his own basketball team after a career that may never be matched. WILMA RUDOLPH - polio victim who braved the odds to became one of the most famous women in track history, and who -after a brilliant college career at Tennessee State, won three gold medals in the 1960 Olympics. EMMETT ASHFORD- Baseball's lst Black Umpire FLOYD PATTERSON - was heavyweight champion FRANK ROBINSON- baseball's lst Black manager (1975) and the only player to win the MVP (most valuable player) award in both the National and American Leagues. HENRY (HANK) AAROU - baseball's all-time homerun leader with 755 blasts, who was chosen this year for baseball's Hall of Fame. "The necessary re-education of Blacks and a possible solution of racial crisis can begin, strangely enough, only when Blacks fully realize this central fact in their lives: the white man is their bitter enemy. This is not the ranting of wild-eyed militancy, but the calm and unmistakable verdict of several thousand years of documented history." Dr. Chancellor Williams
page11. BLACK SCIENTISTS EDUCATE PORTLAND •. . PUBLIC SCHOOLTEACHERS by Mary Avery · The Portland Public School Board is attempting to fulfill one of its promises to the community. Recently they have brought in a number of Black consultants to educate Portland Area teachers and administrators. Two such consultants were in Portland on Friday October 30, 1981 and thanks to the Portland Public Schools Monitoring Committee they were able to meet with community residents Friday eveing, at the King Neighborhood Facility; PrQfessor Bernice Lumpkin,Mathematician, Malcolm X University, Chicago, Ill., and Dr. Hunter Adams III, Nuclear Physicist, Argonne National Laboritories, Chicago, Ill. They were here because of there ex- ' pertise in the fields of science and mathematics, and both overwhelmingly demonstrated the need for a multi-ethnic, multi-cultural curriculum. Few of us realize that most of· the subjects we study in school today have their rudiments in ancient civilization, the techniques and methods we currently use gradually developed over along period of time and were founded upon these early fundamental principles. "Practically all of the mathematics taught in the elementary and high schools were developed in Afrika and Asia: most people get ~he impression that Europe is the gatekeeper of all scientific knowledge and that the Greeks are the founders. This is of course not true, the Greeks themselves freely admit that they went to Egypt to study~ Both consultants received their undergraduate degrees in mathematics but were moved to continue their research because of "the prejudice in the way science texts are written. The materials that we use in our schools today reflect a bias Which has a very discouraging and damaging effect on many students who feel that their is nothing in their heritage that indicates their peoples contributions to the very important fields. Dr. Adams suggest that If you have children, you should teach them about Black peoples contributions to moderri and ancient civilizations, and explain why the contridictions in the schools exist'.' Professor Lumpkin said that, "Portland area teachers did seem to be aware that some changes in their curriculum was needed, and she predicts a change nationally in the formal curriculum, very soon'.' On the surface it appears as though the Portland Public School Board is making a good faith effort to educate its teachers, by providing them with information that destroy the myths about Black contributions, at least in the fields of science and mathematics. But consultants can only provide so much information. What happens once the consultants leave? Is the information they provide going to be incorporated into the curriculum so that not only the teachers and administrators benefit, but the students as well? Will Portland Public Schools take a giant step forward and purchase texts books that de~ict Black people acturately? Or will they simply do nothing and continue to let Black as well as white children remain ignorant of the facts? Professor Lumpkin and Dr. Adams spoke to a small but interested group at King Neighborhood Facility. we invite all of you to come out the next time we have a speaker in the community that provides information so vital to the understanding of our history and our place in the world today. THE 4-CYLINDER CORNER 209N Ek1lltngsworthSfre Samuel J. Brown)Jr D. O.S. Carlos L. \Neeky, D.M.D. ~nttsts 282-7543 SMALL CARS UNLIMITED LOLA PARKER, SP!CWJZJNG IN SOUL FOOD 3435 Northeast Union Avenue Portland, Oregon 97212 PO~TWIIJ,OR.EGOW 91227 E. CARL WADLEY SHRTSMI1H'I HAJI<<D£5'8" CENTER.. 24.9--3.!os 249-3866 lONNIE JENKINS MANGER Jt\N\CE HART l _,..
page12 THANKSGIVING (Continued fran Page 7) straight to the Islands of the West where they were literally worked to death. The profits Hawkins made fran slaving impressed Elizabeth I so that she invested a ship nruned the Jesus for his use. Hawkins left England with the Jesus to steal more Afrikans and returned with such dividends that Queen Elizabeth made him a knight. Hawkins chose as his coat-of-arms the representation of an Afrikan in chains. It should be mentioned that during the, 15th and 16th century, the filth and squalor of European monarchs was at an all-time high. (see Will Durant, Story of Civilization and others). While in contrast Afrikans and Asians pride themselves on having the most splended bath houses in the world. After 45 years on the throne, Elizabeth I died and was succeeded by Jrunes I in 1603. During the rule of Jrunes I another group of religious radicals evolved calling themselves the Puritans. Their goal was to puri-- fy the English Church of all vestiges of Rcxnan Catholicism. This new group was further divided into three schools of thought; the Methodist Episcopal Church, The Presbyterian Church and the Congregational Church. All of these European institutions found their way to America. The Puritans began to danand refonns fran James I. He refused and presecuted those that still dananded change. To avoid persecution, sane Puritans decided to · migrate to Holland which led to their designation as Pilgrruns. In 1620, the Pilgrruns decided to migrate to the "new world". On SeptEmber 6, 1620, the Mayflower set sail for the "new world" with 102 passengers and landed 66 days later near what is now Cape Cod, Massachusetts. At this point, the preceding synopsis of European history should help in understanding the events that lead to the sailing of the~ayflower. It should be clear to most of us what happened after the arrival of the Mayflower (being drilled yearly during our impressable years in church and school of the idealized image of the Pilgrruns). Let us continue and deal with the events that lead to the establishing of Thanksgiving as a European holiday. Celebrate KWANZAA: Dec.26 thruJan.1 After the landing of the Mayflower, On Thursday NovEmber 26, 1789, when the first winter took its toll on the slavery was in full swing, George "religious freedan seekers'.' Those that Washington, (owner of slaves himself) didn't perish during the severe winter declared that the last Thursday in were insane by the time spring rolled NovEmber be set aside as a day of around. Forty-four Pilgrruns died that Thanksgiving. first winter and Governor Bradford of the Massachusetts Bay Colony said of It should be obvious to us (Black the survivors, "scarce fifty ranained people) now that we have absolutely· and of these were only six or seven nothing to celebrate in reference to sound person'.' George Thorpe, a scholar a European Thanks'giving. Honestly, colonist, said in 1621, "more do die what would we celebrate? --' the genahere of the disease of the mind than ofcidal practice against the Indians the body'.' There is evidence that the or should we be thankful that our Pilgrruns reverted to cannibalism, sodo-ancestors were brutally enslaved and my, uncleanliness and all sorts of de- nrurdered by the so-called pious PHgenerate behavior. grruns? The denial of reality and During the first spring the Pilgrruns made contact with the indigenous inhabitants of the land, misnanered the "Indian"• These indigenous Americans, being friendly and hospitable, taught the intruding settlers how to plant their crops and fish. Little did they know that this very act would ultimately lead to the almost complete theft of their land and extenmination of their people. One of the first acts the Pilgrruns performed in giving thanks to God was the slaughter of men, wanen, and children of the Peguot Indians. Infants were torn from their mother's breast and hacked to pieces. The heads of the parents were chopped off and kicked about in the streets. Governor Bradford wrote, "It was a fearful sight to see them frying in the fire and the streruns of blood quenching the same and terrible was the stench thereof. But the victory seemed a sweet sacrifice and they (the whites) gave praise thereof to God." After the settlers had established their colony, the "Indians" were looked upon as "savages" and had no rights that a Christian European was bound to respect. In the fall of 1621 Governor Bradthe ignorance of our tradition and history are the reasons we continue to ceJebrate this holiday. There are alternatives for us, both locally and nationally, that we should be about the business of developing and perpetuating. These alternatives are Black Frunily Day locally, and Umoja Karrunu (Unity Feast) nationally. They both are based on the same concept; The Black Frunily. They are observed as a time for fellowship within Black Frunilies, a time to reestablish those frunily committments to one another and the community, a tLme to give praise and pay hommage to th3se that cane before us, our elders and ancestors. This is the Thanksgiving concept that we must perpetuate. We cannot continue to mimic the holiday madness of Europeans who have historically proven over and over again to be dirunetrically opposed to our legitimate aspirations. We must continue the struggle of our forefathers and mothers to build our own institutions and establish our own holidays so that our people can return to their traditional greatness. ford issued a proclrunation calling for References used for this article: - Africa's Gift To America, Joel A. Rogers a thanksgiving feast to commemorate the first harvest. This point in time has great historical ~ignificance to us. Only two years prior in August of 1619, twenty captured Afrikans - The Story of Civilization, Will landed on the Virginia coast to set Durant in motion the most vicious and inhumane economic systEm ever recorded in this earth's history; the Afrikan Slave Trade. Intially, the "Indians" were forced to labor in the fields for the white settlers. ~~t the Indian could not stand up under the harsh conditions and the diseases that the colonists spread. So, under the recommendations of Bishop Barthalomew La Casas, the Kings of Europe and Pope - Afrikan People and European Holidays: A Mental Genocide, Rev. Ishakrunusa Barashango - How Europe Underdeveloped Africa, Walter Rodney of Rome turned to Afrika for their .................................... slave labor, and a Thanksgiving feast was held each year after the harvest.
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